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Anatomy > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

Proinsulin is cleaved into insulin & ….. In the ….

A

C-peptide

Golgi

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2
Q

I cell disease is

A

A disease in which enzymes are sent to the wrong destination due to defect in Golgi apparatus machinery

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3
Q

chediak higashi syndrome

A

defect in the ability of the microtubules to polymerize in leukocytes, leading to delay in the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, & preventing phagocytosis of bacteria

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4
Q

Define:

  1. Titin
  2. Desmin
  3. Alpha actin
  4. Myomesin
  5. Nebulin
A
  1. Keeps the myosin filaments centered in the sarcomere
  2. Holds myofibrils in place, giving the classic striated appearance
  3. Binds actin filaments to Z line
  4. Binds myosin filaments to M line
  5. Regulates the assembly of actin filaments
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5
Q

Calsequestrin is ……….

A

a calcium-binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

Meckle’s diverticulum is …..

A

outpouching of the ileum and is the remnant of yolk sac stalk (vitalline duct)
* In about 20% of adults

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7
Q

The vitelline arteries later form …..

A

superior & inferior mesenteric arteries, and the celiac artery

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8
Q

The allantois is responsible for the formation of ……

A

the umbilical vessels (two arteries one vein)

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9
Q

The intraembryonic allantois persists as ……

A 
the urachus (connects the bladder to the umbilicus)
* After birth, it is called median umbilical ligament
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10
Q

Falciform ligament is …….

A

the stretched ventral mesentery between the liver & the ventral body wall

  • The free margin carries the umbilical vein
  • After birth, it becomes ligamentum teres
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11
Q

The free margin of the lesser omentum carries …..

A

the hepatic artery, portal vein, and the bile duct

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12
Q

Mandibulofacial dysostosis is

A

autosomal dominant defect
abnormal development of the first pharyngeal arch
* There is bony defects of the malar bone & mandible, defect in palate & ears, and defects in lower eyelid

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13
Q

Fragile X syndrome is …….

A

a breakage of fragile site on the X chromosome

  • Also called Martin belle syndrome
  • Causes long face, low muscle tone, prominent ears & mental retardation
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14
Q

Cri du chat syndrome is caused by ……

A

deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5

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15
Q

What are the organisms that can cross the placenta?

A

ToRCHeS

  1. Toxoplasma gondii
  2. Rubella
  3. CMV
  4. Herpes simplex virus
  5. Syphilis
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16
Q

Psoriasis is ….

A

increase number of proliferations in the cells of stratum spinosum & basale

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17
Q

Hair & cutaneous glands are located in the ……

A

hypodermis

18
Q

What is the difference between albinism & vitiligo?

A
  • Vitiligo: destruction of melanocytes due to autoimmunity

* Albinism: Melanocytes inability in producing melanin, due to decrease tyrosine uptake, or decrease tyrosinase activity

19
Q

Pemphigus is the result of …..

A

antibodies against the TLG in desmosomal junctions

* Only the desmosome of the skin is affected

20
Q

Fordyces spots are

A

ectopic sebaceous glands on the buccal mucosa or the vermilion border

21
Q

Arrector pili are attached to …..

A

the hair shaft at one end, and the papillary dermis on the other

22
Q

Hair is composed of ……

Nails are composed of ……

A
  • Keratinized dead epithelium

* modified stratum corneum with hard keratin. They are originated at the stratum basale (nail matrix)

23
Q

What is the characteristic of collagen fibers?

A

cross banding, due to overlapping of the parallel end to end fibers
* Same for the reticular fibers (since it is made of collagen)

24
Q

Ehler danlos disease is …..

A

the result of defect in Type III colagen (due to decrease hydroxylation, or defect in procolagen peptidase activity)
* Causes increased elasticity of skin, articular mobility, aortic ruptures

25
Q

Elastic fibers are the same as collagen, except …..

A

lacks the striation of collagen, thinner, and have yellow appearance
* Note that: desmosine & isodesmosine are responsible for the elasticity of these fibers

26
Q

Fibronectin & laminin are ……

A

adhesive proteins

* Synthesized by fibroblasts, monocytes & endothelial cells

27
Q

B12 deficiency causes ……

A

megaloblastic anemia with hyper segmented neutrophile

28
Q

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of ………

A

CO2 & H2O into bicarbonate & protons

* In the stomach, protons are pumped into the lumen where they bind with Cl- to form HCl

29
Q

The gall bladder is made up of three layers, which are……

A
  1. Mucosa: columnar cells, no muscularis mucosa
  2. Muscularis externa: smooth muscles controlled by CCK
  3. Serosa
    * Same layers for the cystic duct
    * Cystic duct joins the gall bladder to the common hepatic duct. The latter joins Wirsung duct (pancreas) to form the Ampula of Vater
30
Q

The first part of the duodenum (horizontal part) is …… peritoneal

A

intra (in the lesser omentum)

* The rest are retro

31
Q

The portal triad includes ……

A

portal vein, hepatic artery & common bile duct

* The portal triad is within the hepatoduodenal ligament, which is the right part of lesser omentum

32
Q

The portal vein drains …….

It is formed by …….

A

the spleen & GIT
* It is formed behind the head of the pancreas (retroperitoneally) from joining of superior, inferior mesenteric & splenic vein

33
Q

The spleen is ….. in origin, however it shares the same blood supply as the foregut (celiac)

A

Mesoderm

34
Q

In liver cirrhosis, blood pressure in the portal vein will increase, causing the blood to redirect through …..

A

the esophageal branch of the left gastric vein

  • This causes varicoses in the esophagus. Could be a sign of advanced liver disease
  • Also called portacaval anastomosis
35
Q

Foregut lymph drains to …..

A

celiac lymph nodes, which ultimately drain into the thoracic duct

36
Q

The esophagus passes the diaphragm at the level of ….., through ……

A

T10 in esophageal hiatus (which also transmits the Vagus)

37
Q

Ligament of Treitz function is ……

A

suspension of the small intestine (at duodenal jeujenal junction) to the diaphragm

38
Q

The jeujenoilium is suspended from the posterior body wall by ….

A

the mesentery proper

39
Q

The transverse colon is suspended by …..

A

the transverse mesocolon

* Derivative of dorsal mesentery

40
Q

Only the ……. third of the rectum is covered by peritonium (anteriorly & laterally)

A

superior one third

Anatomy (10 decks)

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