Endocrine, Respiratory

Question 1

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

Answer 1

The superior & the middle thyroid veins drain to the IJV bilaterally
The inferior thyroid veins both drain into the left brachiocephalic veins

Question 2

Cancer of the head of the pancreas is more likely to cause …… than the tail

Answer 2

jaudice

* Accordingly, cancer of the tail will take more to diagnose, until it starts causing back pain

Question 3

From the respiratory area of the nose to the intrapulmonary bronchi, the epithelium is …….., except the oropharynx which is lined by …….

Answer 3

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
non keratinized stratified squamous epi.
* The ventral side of the epiglottis is the same as the pharynx

Question 4

The trachea is supported by ……

Answer 4

16 - 20 cartilaginous rings (C shaped, hyaline)

• Cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium
• Trachealis muscle (smooth) fill the dorsal of each cartilage

Question 5

The basement membrane of the trachea is ….

Answer 5

unusually thick

* The lamina propria is rich in elastin

Question 6

Intrapulmonary bronchi have …….. replacing the C rings

The bronchioles ……..

Answer 6

cartilage plates

don’t have cartilage, glands, lymph nodules, but have the highest proportion of smooth muscles

Question 7

The bronchioles are lined by ….

Answer 7

ciliated simple columnar epi. with clara cells (non ciliated) & goblet cells

Question 8

The nasal septum consists of ……

Answer 8

vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid & septal cartilage

Question 9

The superior & middle conchae are part of ……, while the inferior is ……..

Answer 9

ethmoid bone

separate bone

Question 10

The sphenoethmoidal recess is ……

Answer 10

located above the superior concha. Contains the opening for the sphenoidal sinus

Question 11

What are the muscular layers of the pharynx?

Answer 11

1. Inner longitudinal (palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus)
2. Outer circular (3 constrictors)

Question 12

The fauces are bound two folds, which are …..

Answer 12

anterior (palatoglossal) & posterior (palatopharygeus) pillars
* The palatine tonsil sits in between

Question 13

The larynx extends from …. to …..

Answer 13

epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage

Question 14

The larynx has lateral extensions around the epiglottis called …..

Answer 14

pyriform recesses

Question 15

The palatine tonsills receive rich blood supply from …..

Answer 15

facial, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, maxillary, and palatine arteries

Question 16

The floor of the mouth is formed by …….

Answer 16

mylhyoid & geniohyoid muscles

Question 17

The hard palate is formed by ……

Answer 17

horizontal plate of palatine bone & palatine process of maxilla
* Supplied by V2

Question 18

The palatine aponeurosis is …….

Its function is ….

Answer 18

a fibrous lamella attached to the posterior border of the hard palate

• It is the insertion of tensor veli palatine & levator veli palatini
• It is the origin of Musculus uvulae, Palatopharyngeus, and Palatoglossus

Question 19

Croup is caused by ……

Answer 19

inflammation of the false vocal cords (vestibular fold, or quadrangular membrane)
* caused by parainfluenza virus

Question 20

Cough reflex is mediated by ………

Answer 20

internal laryngeal nerve

Question 21

Which side of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage?

Answer 21

right, due to its medial location

Question 22

The pulmonary ligament suspends the lungs at …..

Answer 22

the root (hilus)
* it is a double fold of pleural membrane

Question 23

Left lung has only one fissure, …….

Answer 23

oblique

* The right has horizontal & oblique

Question 24

The lingula of the left lung corresponds to ……

Answer 24

the middle lobe of the right lung

Question 25

The venous drainage of the lungs is ……..

Answer 25

1. Pulmonary veins

2. Bronchial veins: drain into the azygos veins.

Question 26

Describe the lymphatic drainage for the lungs

Answer 26

1. Superficially: to the bronchopulmonary nodes, which drain into the trachiobronchial nodes
2. Deep: to the pulmonary nodes, which drain into the bronchopulmonary nodes
3. Mediastinal: into the thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct

Question 27

Origin of tensor veli palatini is ……

and levator veli palatini is …….

Answer 27

hamulus of pterygoid
cartilage rim of auditory tube
* Both insert in the palatine aponeurosis