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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system do

A

receives and processes information, sends the signal out to muscles and glands to get a response

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2
Q

what is nervous tissue responsible for

A

responsible for communication between cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate rapidly

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3
Q

What is CNS

A

central nervous system

sends and receives signals from peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What structures are within CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

In CNS cell bodies are called

A

nuclei

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6
Q

In CNS nerve axons are called

A

tracts

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7
Q

What is PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

includes all nerves not in brain or spinal cord

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8
Q

What structures are in PNS

A

brainstem
cranial nerves
spinal nerves

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9
Q

What makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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10
Q

What are cell bodies called in PNS

A

ganglia

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11
Q

What are axons called in PNS

A

nerves

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12
Q

Where do cranial nerves innervate

A

face, neck and head

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13
Q

Where do spinal nerves innervate

A

rest of the body

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14
Q

What are 2 division within PNS and CNS

A

Sensory( afferent)- receives info via sensory organ via afferent division
Motor( efferent)- replay impulse from CNS to muscle, glands via motor

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15
Q

How is efferent division further divided

A

somatic and autonomic

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16
Q

What is the somatic system nerves

A

is conscious voluntary control:

controls skeletal muscles, skin and joints

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17
Q

What is autonomic system

A

unconscious control

controls glands and smooth muscles of internal organs

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18
Q

What are the 2 divisions of autonomic system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

What does sympathetic part of autonomic system do

A

activate and prepare bod for muscle activity, stress and emergency

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20
Q

What does parasympathetic part of autonomic system do

A

operates during normal situation, aids in digestion and conserves energy

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21
Q

what is a neuron

A

nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses and relays information into the body

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22
Q

What are 3 basic parts of a neuron

A

dendrite, cell body and axon

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23
Q

What are 2 unique qualities of neurons

A

do not undergo mitosis
survive a lifetime
if die due to brain damage-> can’t be replaced

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24
Q

what does a nerve cell body structure and function

A

synthesize al nerve cell products
has large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm contain normal organelles
info received and sent in same direction within the neuron

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25
Q

What is the structure and function of a dendrite

A

it is the receiving end of the neuron
numerous short extension emanate from cell body
receive information from other neuron and conduct impulse toward body

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26
Q

What is structure and function of an axon

A

conduct nerve impulse away from cell body to axon terminal
vary in length, composed of material like cell body
depends on cell body to send necessary protein down length of axon

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27
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals stored inside secretary vesicles at end of axon terminal

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28
Q

Who manufactures neurotransmitters

A

cell body

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29
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters is released

A

transmits nerve impulse from neuron to another

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30
Q

What is a synapse

A

gap between 2 neurons

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31
Q

What is pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuron

A

refers to either before or after the synapse

pulse->presynaptic->synapse->postsynaptic

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32
Q

How are neurons classified -3 ways

A

classified by # of extensions

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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33
Q

What is a multipolar neuron

A

3 or more extension from cell body, 1 axon and many dendrites
typically a motor neuron

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34
Q

What is a bipolar neuron

A

2 extension from cell body

special receptors in visual and olfactory system

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35
Q

What is unipolar neuron

A

1 extension off cell body: has 2 branches
central process running to CNS
peripheral process-> sensory->PNS

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36
Q

What are the functions a sensory neuron

A

afferent, unipolar-> carry info from PNS to CNS

ex. skin/internal organ->CNS

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37
Q

What is function of interneuron

A

association neuron-> only in CNS

multipolar transmit impulses with different parts of CNS

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38
Q

What is function of motor neuron

A

efferent->multipolar

sends impulse from CNS to PNS

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39
Q

What is definition of nerve

A

consists of many axons wrapped in connective tissue

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40
Q

What is definition of ganglia

A

part of single nerve-> cell bodies of neurons grouped together in masses

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41
Q

What are neuroglial cells

A

highly important for neuron function

support cells for neurons to survive and conduct electrical impulses efficiently in environment

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42
Q

What are schwann cells

A

cells found in PNS
coat peripheral nerve axon
is a type of neurological cell composed of myelin sheath
myelin sheath is rolled around axon, insulates nerve fibers increase speed of nerve impulses

43
Q

What is unmyelinated fibers

A

gray matter-> schwann cells don’t wrap around and are loosely associated w/ax

44
Q

Are schwann cell sections continous

A

no

45
Q

What are the gaps in Schwann cells called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

46
Q

What is saltatory connection

A

nerve impulse forced to next node when previously exposed

increases nerve impulse transmission axon axon

47
Q

What are satellite cells

A

surround cell bodies of peripheral neuron

help to regulate cell body environment

48
Q

What is axonal regeneration

A

process of axon regrowth for peripheral nerves

if peripheral nerve axon is injured, schwann cells grow ahead of axon and create a path for axon to follow as it grows

49
Q

What are the 4 main types of cells in CNS

A

ependymal
oligodendrocyte
astorcyte
microglial

50
Q

What are ependymal cells structure and function

A

circulate cerebrospinal fluid and allow fluid exchange between brain, spinal cord and CSF

51
Q

What is cerebral spinal fluid

A

clear fluid in brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What are oligodendrocytes function

A

act as insulation for CNS axon

53
Q

What are function of astrocyte

A

control chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around blood capillaries

54
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

barrier hat allows passage of certain substances into CNS

55
Q

What are microglial cells

A

cells that protect CNS by picking up dead cells and infectious organisms

56
Q

Define action potential

A

neurons perform and specialized to conduct electrical impulses
rapid change in polarity because axon stimulated to conduct a nerve impulse

57
Q

What is a nerve impulse

A

electrochemical charge moving along an axon created by movement of unequally distributed ions on either side of axon plasma membrane

58
Q

What does it mean when neurons are “polarized”

A

at rest plasma membrane has one side that has a different charge than the other

59
Q

What is resting potential

A

axon not conducting an impulse-> different in electrical charge is -70mV
charge is - because charge on inside of axon cell membrane is -70mV
maintained by sodium-potassium pump-> use active transport to carry ion across plasma membrane

60
Q

Describe sodium potassium pump

A

integral protein: for every 3 Na+ ion go out 2 K+ion come in
must keep in constant operation because Na+ and K+ naturally diffuse back to starting point
plasma membrane more permeable to K+ diffusion gout, more Na+ pumped out than K+ pumped in, a relative (+) charge develops and maintain on outside of membrane

61
Q

What are the 4 steps of action potential

A

resting potential, membrane depolarization, repolarization, after polarization

62
Q

How does resting potential become active

A

if membrane is depolarized

once occurs: impulse travels entire length of axon

63
Q

What is depolarization

A

impulse on membrane so that potential becomes more positive

indicates inside of membrane is now more positive than outside

64
Q

What is repolarization

A

when potential of membrane returns to normal indicate axon is (-)

65
Q

Describe complete phases of action potential

A
  1. resting potential: both Na+ and K+ are closed
  2. Depolarization->Na+ gate open, Na+ rsh into axon, voltage travels to zero then up to +40mV
  3. Repolarization-> Na+ gate closes, K+ gate open allow K+ to rush out of axon-> return (-) volt to inside of axon
  4. Afterpolarization-> hyper polarization->K+ gates slow to close, undershoot of potential volts drop below -70mV then return to -70mV as resting state begins
66
Q

What is self-propagating

A

ion channels open whenever membrane potential decreases

67
Q

T/F action potential is all or nothing

A

T

68
Q

How is intensity of pain measured

A

by sensation of # of neurons stimulated and frequency of the stimulus

69
Q

what is electrochemical mean with action potential

A

transmission of nerve impulses as chemical-> neurotransmitters

70
Q

What does electrochemical allow for and what is functional

A

allow signal to jump synaptic gap

signal moves from electrical( through neurons) to chemical ( in synapses) back to electrical when reaches next neuron

71
Q

How is Ca+ involved in action potential

A

nerve reaches end of axon, Ca2+ channel open
Ca2+ comes in causes vesicle to fuse w/plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters
as neurotransmitter is released it binds w/receptr on next neuron, Na+ in dendrites open
Depolarization occurs in next neuron, impulses is propagated forward to next neuron or target organ-> always in one direction

72
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase

A

neurotransmitter that breaks down actylcholine

73
Q

what is inhibition in terms of action potential

A

prevention of continuous stimulation

74
Q

T/F once neurotransmitter is released only a short time for it to act

A

T

75
Q

Where are norepinephrine and epinephrine produced

A

adrenal glands

76
Q

What is dopamine and what is function

A

brain neurotransmitter that regulates emotional response and tone

77
Q

What is acetylcholine and where is it found

A

neurotransmitter found at Neuromuscular junction in PNS

78
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction and where is it located

A

located where motor neuron ends on a muscle instead of another neuron
for muscles to contract it must work w/nerves and muscular system

79
Q

What are the steps for the NMJ to work with muscular system to enable muscle contraction

A
  1. nerve impulse sent to muscle by presynaptic neuron
  2. nerve impulse reaches muscle fiber, at NMJ, actylochonline released into synapse
  3. Acytlcholine binds to receptors on muscle fiber cause Na+ channel to open
  4. Na+ rush out of muscle cell which trigger action potential reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes muscle to contract
80
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized smooth ER found in striated muscle tissue

81
Q

What are reflexes

A

automatic, instantaneous, involuntary motor responses within nervous system
start from stimuli occur in/out of body
subconscious regulate blood sugar by hormone
involuntary: pull hand away from hot object
blinking: involve brain stem

82
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

neural pathway that nerve impulse travels

certain reflexes tested to examine function of nervous system as reflex arc pass through CNS

83
Q

How does sensory info travel with spinal cord

A

sensory info travel into spinal cord via dorsal root

84
Q

How does motor info travel with spinal cord

A

motor info travel out of spinal cord via ventral root

85
Q

What is gray matter

A

contains cell body of neuron, neuron synapse with other neuron

86
Q

what is white matter

A

contains axon of neuron

white surrounds grey

87
Q

What is interneuron and where is it located

A

located in CNS and designed to connect neuron to each other

88
Q

What is dorsal root ganglian

A

contain cell body of sensory neuron

89
Q

Where does sensory neuron synapse on cells in grey matter

A

Posterior horn

90
Q

Where is motor neuron cell located in grey matter

A

anterior horn

91
Q

what is a spinal nerve

A

contains both sensory and motor neuron from ventral to dorsal roots

92
Q

What is a spinal reflex and why is it faster

A

reflex that goes from stimulus to brain stem and back

goes a shorter distance then going to CNS

93
Q

What are 2 examples of spinal reflexes

A

stretch reflex and flexor-withdraws reflex

94
Q

What are 5 steps of reflex arc to neural pathway

A
  1. receptor @ end of sensory neuron reacts to stimulus
  2. sensory neuron conduct impulse along afferent path to CNS
  3. integration center consist of 1 or more synapse in CNS
    4 motor neuron conduct nerve impulse from efferent path to effector
  4. effector responds to efferent impulse by contract( muscle) or secrete a product( gland)
95
Q

What is the stretch reflex

A

muscle reflex protects muscle against increase in length that may damage fibers

96
Q

What is a muscle spindle

A

specialized muscle cell that constantly monitors amount of stretch in muscle

97
Q

What is an example of stretch reflex

A

patellar tendon

98
Q

How does patellar tendon stretch reflex work

A

knee-jerk tests reflex of quadricep femurs-> prevents overstretch of quad

99
Q

What is the detailed process of stretch reflex

A

muscle spindle detects stretch-> sends signal along afferent neuron-> through the dorsal root ganglian-> to spinal cord via dorsal root
afferent synapse in grey matter of spinal cord directly onto efferent neuron in grey matter( anterior horn)
efferent neuron travel out of ventral root and through the nerve to synapse on some muscle

100
Q

What is flexor-withdraw reflex

A

reflex that designed to flex the bicep and withdraw the hand so not to injure the nerves and tissues of the hand

101
Q

What is the process for the flexor-withdraw reflex

A

hot object touched-> pain receptor generate impulse
impulse move along dendrite of sensory neuron toward cell body + CNS
from cell body impulse travel along axon of sensory nerve synapse on many interneuron in grey matter of spinal cord
excitatory nerve synapse on bicep causing it to contract which draws it back
at same time as excitatory the inhibitory neuron synapse on tricep making it to not contract and does not stay extended
whole process happens instantaneously

102
Q

What is excitatory interneuron

A

send excitatory signal to motor neuron causing muscle contract

103
Q

What is inhibitory neuron

A

send inhibitory signal to prevent muscular contract

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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