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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Module 2: Brain > Flashcards

Module 2: Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the parts of the brain

A

cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum

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3
Q

What protects the parts of the brain

A

skull of skeletal system, meninges, CSF and blood brain barrier

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4
Q

What is a ventricle

A

cavity filled with CSF

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5
Q

What are 4 main ventricles

A

2 lateral, 3rd and 4th drain into central canal of spinal cord

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6
Q

What are meninges

A

3 layers of connective tissue cover and protect CNS organs and enclose CSF

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7
Q

what are 3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater: leathery double layered outer
arachnoid meninx: loose layer separated form dura mater by subdural space
pia mater: thin connective tissue tightly attached to brain

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8
Q

What is CSF

A

cerebral spinal fluid formed in walls of ventricles from blood plasma permeating choroid plxus

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9
Q

what is coroid plexus

A

formed from network of blood vessels within ventricles

CSF circulating through ventricles into reneges fusion brain and spinal cord, bathe brain in in CSF

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10
Q

What is blood brain barrier

A

diffusion barrier prevents most particles from entering CNS

formed by impermeable capillaries due to astrocytes

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11
Q

What is location and function of cerebrum

A

foremost part of the brain
largest part of the brain: 83% of total brain mass
2 large masses divided into L and R hemisphere
Median longitudinal fissure separates L and R
L hemisphere controls R
R hemisphere controls L

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12
Q

What is cerebral cortex

A

marked by ridge of tissue called gyri separated by grooves( sulci)

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13
Q

What are fissures

A

deep grooves separate large region

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14
Q

What is transverse fissure

A

separate cerebrum from cerebellum

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15
Q

What is corpus callosum

A

bridge of nerve fiber that connects cerebral hemisphere

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16
Q

How many lobes are each hemisphere divided into

A

4: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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17
Q

What is function of frontal lobe

A

increased level executive function- reason and decision making, controls motor function and permits control over voluntary actions

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18
Q

What is parietal lobe

A

receives sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and skin-> touch, pressure and pain

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19
Q

What is occipital lobe

A

interpret visual input

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20
Q

What is temporal lobe

A

sensory for hearing and smell

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21
Q

What are the different area of cerebral cortex

A

primary, association, primary motor, primary sensory, association area

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22
Q

What is significant for primary area of cerebral cortex

A

lobes receive info for 1 type of sensory information

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23
Q

What is significant for association area of cerebral cortex

A

integrate more than 1 type of sensory info for purposeful action: all 4 lobes contain this
intellect, artistic ability, learning and memory

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24
Q

What is significant for primary motor cortex

A

also called precentral gyrus/ somatomotor cortex- controls voluntary movement for all parts of the body- part of frontal lobe

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25
Q

What is significant for primary sensory cortex

A

also called post central gyrus/somatosensory cortex- is place in parietal lobe where sensory info is received

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26
Q

What is Broca’s Area

A

located frontal lobe responsible for speech

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27
Q

What is Wernicke Area

A

located temporal lobe: responsible for speech comporehension

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28
Q

What is structure and function cerebrum

A

responsible for consciousness
governs intelligence, reasoning and higher thinking
controls activities of all lower parts of the brain: meditation to control HR as an example
initiate voluntary motor activities and control action of cerebellum by acting on sensory input via thalamus

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29
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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30
Q

What is structure and function of medulla oblongata

A

lies between spinal cord and pons and is anterior to cerebellum
contain center for regulating heart beat, breath and vasoctonstriction
contains reflex center for vomit, cough, sneeze, hiccup, swallow
has tracts that ascend/descend between spinal cord and higher brain center

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31
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

constriction of blood vessels involved in regulation of BP

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32
Q

What is structure and function of Pons

A

contains bundles of axon traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS
functions with medulla to regulate breathing rate and has reflex center concerned with head movement in response to visual and auditory stimuli

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33
Q

What is structure and function of Midbrain

A

acts as relay station for tracts tasing between cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum
reflex center for higher level- visual, auditory tactile response

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34
Q

Where are superior and inferior colliculi located and function

A

posterior portion of midbrain

control reflexes for head and neck in response to sudden visual and auditory stimulus

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35
Q

What is structure and function of Diencephalon

A

houses hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus

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36
Q

What is hypothalamus structure and function

A

forms floor of 3rd ventricle, maintain homeostasis of environment
regulate body function: hunger, sleep, thirst, body temp, water, balance BP
Controls pituitary gland
serves as link between nervous and endocrine system

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37
Q

What is structure and function of Pituitary Gland

A

regulate hormone in endocrine system

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38
Q

What is thalamus

A

roof of 3rd ventricle: last part of brain for sensory input before cerebrum
serves as relay station for sensory impulse traveling up from other parts of body and and brain to cerebellum
receives all sensory impulse-> filters out whats not important-> directs to appropriate region of cerebrum for interpretation

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39
Q

What is structure and function of epithalamus

A

roof of 3rd ventricle: mostly composed of pineal gland

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40
Q

what is pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

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41
Q

what is melatonin

A

hormone controls sleep/wake cycle

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42
Q

What is the structure of cerebellum

A

located interiorly and posteriorly to brain
2 hemisphere with deep fissure divided into 3 lobes
called mini brain
grey and white matter

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43
Q

What is function of cerebellum

A

coordinate body movement by relay info to cerebral motor cortex
helps maintain balance, control eye movements, maintain muscle tone and posture

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44
Q

What is muscle tone

A

degree in which muscle remain partial contracted while at rest

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45
Q

What is function of anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum

A

receive info from body, trunk and influence motor activity trunk, shoulder and pectoral girdle

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46
Q

What is function of intermediate lobe of cerebellum

A

also called vermis

coordinate limb movement

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47
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles

A

connect cerebellum to other part of the brain

located with flocculonodular lobes on anterior portion of cerebellum

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48
Q

What is the limbic system

A

controls portions of unconscious and conscious brain
lies beneath cerebral cortex and has neural pathway connect portion of frontal lobe, temporal lobe, thalamus and hypothalamus

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49
Q

what is the cingulate gryus

A

limbic lobe
lies deep to cerebrum
connects different lobes of cerebrum

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50
Q

what does hippocampus do

A

involved in retrieval and storage of memories

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51
Q

What does amygdala do

A

small portion of limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger

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52
Q

What is the fornix

A

bundle of nerve fibers serve as connection to hippocampus

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53
Q

What are maxillary bodies

A

fibers project into thalamus and assist with memory of smell

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54
Q

What is the limbic system referred to as

A

feeling brain, affects emotional aspect of behavior outcome, how people evaluate reward and consequenes

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55
Q

How is short term memory defined

A

example: ability to recall 7 digit# long enough to dial i

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56
Q

What is an example of long term memory

A

recall events from the day

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57
Q

Where are memories stored

A

throughout cerebral hemisphere
hippocampus acts as memory center: storage and retrieval
explains how emotionally charged events result in vivid dreams because of limbic system involvement in hippocampus

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58
Q

What are basal ganglia structure and function

A

masses of grey matter that lie deep in each hemisphere of cerebrum
responsible for working with cerebellum to regulate motor planning and movement
effect is to have inhibitory effect on cerebral cortex-> slow and control precise movements

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59
Q

Name the parts of basil ganglia

A

putamen
caudate nucleus
globus pallidus( medial and lateral)

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60
Q

Name a disease of basal ganglia

A

parkinson’s

61
Q

Define apraxia

A

difficulty with motor planning symptoms of parkonsin

rigid movement and can’t execute motor plan

62
Q

How long is the spinal cord and what is it protected by

A

is 17in in length and protected by vertebral column

63
Q

What ends at conus medullaris

A

spinal cord: originate brainstem and terminate 1rst lumbar

64
Q

What is caudal equina

A

extension of spinal cord as nerve roos beyond L1 and run to end of coccyx

65
Q

How many meninges does spinal cord have

A

3

66
Q

What is the spinal dura mater

A

single layer sheath separated from veterbral column by cushioned fat filled epidural space

67
Q

what is epidural space

A

space between middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges filled with CSF

68
Q

What is extension of pia mater called

A

filum terminate
runs from conus medullar is to coccyx
provides inferior anchor for spinal cord

69
Q

Where is a spinal tap performed

A

CSF filled subarachnoid space inferior to spinal cord at L1

70
Q

What is a spinal tap

A

remove fluid for testing

71
Q

How many grooves on surface of spinal cord

A

2: anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

72
Q

What is the central canal of the spinal cord

A

opening runs length of spinal cord and filled with CSF

73
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves and how to classify

A

12 pairs

classified as sensory, motor or mixed

74
Q

What do cranial nerves control

A

head, neck face except vagus

vagus: inner organs

75
Q

What are special sensory nerves

A

carry info responsible for sight, smell, hearing or balance

76
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculormotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducen, facial, vestibular cochlear, glossopharayngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal,

77
Q

Define olfactory nerve

A 
CN1
sensory nerve- control sense of smell
originate in olfactory epithelium
terminate in olfactory bulb
only nerves attached to cerebrum not brainstem
78
Q

Define optic nerve

A

CN2
sensory nerve- sense sight
originate in retina of each eye and cross at optic chiasm to synapse in thalamus
neurons connect to send info to visual cortex of occipital lobe

79
Q

Define oculomotor nerve

A

CN3
motor nerve: control eye movement in both somatic motor and visceral motor
somatic: control superior and inferior and medial rectus
Visceral: control dilation of pupil

80
Q

What is dilation and contraction in the eye

A

dilation: open pupil: allow light in
contraction: close- not allow light in

81
Q

Define Trochlear nerve

A

CN4
motor nerve: eye movement
innervates superior oblique muslce

82
Q

Define Trigeminal nerve

A

CN5

mixed nerve: chewing and sensation of face, nose, mouth has 3 branches

83
Q

What are 3 branches of trigeminal nerve

A
  1. ophthalmic: sensory: receive info from skin to eyebrow and upper part of nose
    2.) maxillary: sensory: receive info from lower eyelid and upper lip, upper gum and part of pharynx
    3.) mandibular: mixed: receive info from lower gum, teeth and lips; sense from tongue, heat, cold, pressure- no taste
    motor of mandibular= mastication control
84
Q

Define abducen nerve

A

CN 6
motor: control eye movement: innervate lateral rectus muscle
contraction of this muscle makes eye move outward( abduct eye)

85
Q

Define facial nerve

A

CN7
mixed: controls facial expression, sensation of tongue and taste on anterior portion of tongue
visceral motor function: control tear gland( lacrimal) and nasal mucuous glands

86
Q

Define vestibulocochlear nerve

A

CN8
special sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance
travel through hole in temporal bone-> to internal acoustic meatus
vestibular branch: balance and equilibrium
cochlear branch: sense of hearing

87
Q

Define Glossopharayngeal nerve

A

CN9: mixed
motor: swallowing muscles
sensory: taste on posterior portion of tongue
visceral motor neuron: control paratoid salivary gland

88
Q

Define Vagus nerve

A

CN10: mixed
spread widely in abdomen
aid in digestion, regulate HR, sensation of digestive tract

89
Q

Define accessory nerve

A

CN11: spinal accessory: motor

control muscles involved in rotation of head and movement of upper shoulders

90
Q

Define Hypoglossal nerve

A

CN12: motor: controls voluntary tongue movements

91
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

where do they originate

A 
cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1
originate in spinal cord and branch out to rest of the body
92
Q

What are the 2 branches of spinal nerve called after emerging from vertebral column

A

dorsal ramus

ventral ramus

93
Q

Deine dorsal ramus

A

smaller of 2 branches

dorsal portion of trunk carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, sensory info to and from skin and muscles of back

94
Q

Define ventral ramus

A

larger of 2 branches
ventral part of trunk and helps upper and lower trunk
carry visceral motor, somatic motor, sensory info to and from body surface, structure in body wall and limbs

95
Q

What is a plexus and how is it formed

A

network of interconnecting nerves
nerves emerging contain fibers from various spinal nerves
connect with each other

96
Q

What are the major plexuses in the body

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral

97
Q

How does a spinal nerve carry information systematically

A

sensory info is received by spinal nerve distributed through body
signal passes through dorsal root into spinal cord then to brain for processing
motor command initials in CNS-> command signal sent down spinal cord to appropriate level
leaves out ventral root and signal carried via nerve to destination to muscle fiber to enable voluntary muscle contraction

98
Q

What are dermatomes

A

region of skin that carries sensory info through specific pairs of spinal nerves to spinal cord and up to brain

99
Q

Where are the different dermatomes

A

Cervical: C1-C5
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1-S5

100
Q

what is structure and function of cervical plexus

A

ventral rami spinal nerves C1-C5

contains phrenic nerve

101
Q

What is the phrenic nerve

A

most important nerve
motor and sensory fiber to diaphragm, irritation= hiccup
if severed= paralysis

102
Q

what is saying for phrenic nerve

A

3,4,5 keeps diaphragm alive

C1-C5

103
Q

What is structure and function of brachial plexus

A

ventral rami nerves C5-T1
roots combine to form 3 trunk: superior, inferior, middle
trunks: anterior/posterior division
division then branch into 3 cord: lateral, posterior and middle

104
Q

What nerves do the cords terminate in of the brachial plexus

A 
musculocutandous
axillary
median
radial
ulnar
other nerve that supply upper extremity: long thoracic, supra scapular, pectoral, thoracodorsal
105
Q

What is structure and function of axillary nerve

A

supplies deltoid, teres minor, long head tricep

carries sensory infö from shoulder joint

106
Q

What is function of radial nerve

A

supplies triceps, 12 muscles in forearm- controlling wrist and finger extension
carries sensory info from associated joint and skin
follows posterior surface of humerus and wrap around anterior surface close to elbow joint- then follow radius in to forearm

107
Q

what is function of ulnar nerve

A

supply part of flexor muscles forearm, wrist and hand as well as half ring and pinky finger
travels posteriorly behind medial side of the elbow then travels along ulnar side of forearm

108
Q

What is function of median nerve

A

supplies flexor muscles of forearm and skin of first 3.5 fingers

109
Q

what is function of musculotaneous nerve

A

flexor muscle of arm including bicep, brachial, travels radial side of forearm

110
Q

What is structure and function of Lumbar plexus

A

ventral rami L1-L4
anterior and posterior division: pelvis and lower extremity
contains femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous and saphenous nerves

111
Q

What is function of femoral nerve

A

supplies hip flexor and knee extensor, sensation to skin of anterior thigh

112
Q

what is function of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

A

supply sensory info from skin of anterior lateraled and posterior surface of thigh

113
Q

what is function of saphenous nerve

A

receive sensation of medial surface of the leg

114
Q

What is structure and function of Sacral Plexus

A

ventral rami L4-S4

contains sciatic nerve- largest nerve in the body

115
Q

What is function of sciatic nerve

A

supplies inferior trunk and posterior surface of thigh
2 branches in lower leg
common fibular: travels laterally
Tibial: posterior surface of tibia

116
Q

What is a preganglionic axon in autonomic system

A

motor neuron cell body located in spinal cord

axon synapse with 2nd motor neuron in autonomic ganglia outside spinal cord

117
Q

what is postganglinoic axon in autonomic system

A

after synapse in autonomic ganglion axon of ganglionic motor neuron synapse on effector organ in PNS

118
Q

What are 2 divisions of autonomic system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

119
Q

What is structure and function of sympathetic nervous system

A

often called thoracolumbar division
contain preganglinoing fiber in lateral grey matter
governs fight/flight by accelarte HR, dilate bronchi, increased breathing rate results in increase O2, decreased digestion

120
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine( NE)

if released then the neuron is called adrenergic

121
Q

What are the 4 different ganglia in sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic trunk ganglia- located both sides of spinal cord-> contain ganglia for control of organisms in trunk, heads and limb
Celiac ganglion: largest- innervate digestive tract
Superiormesenteric ganglion: innervate small and lg intestine
inferior mesenteric gangion: innervate lg interstine, kidney, bladder and sex organs

122
Q

What is structure and function of parasympathetic nervous system

A

primarily craniosacral: promote internal responses in relaxed state
promote digestion through stimulation smooth muscle of GI, secretion of digestive gland
Slow HR

123
Q

What is primary neurotransmitter for parasympathetic system

A

acetylcholine( ACh)

if released neuron is cholinergic

124
Q

What is ciliary gangion

A

associated with CN3: intrinsic eye muscle, changes pupil and lense

125
Q

what is function of pterygopalatine gangling and submandibular gangion

A

associated with CN7

target organ for tear production, nasal glands and salivate glands

126
Q

What is function of optic ganglion

A

CN9: target paratid gland

127
Q

What is function of intramural ganglion

A

CN10: target visceral organ in thoracic cavity

128
Q

What is a concussion

A

brain recoil and hit opposite side of skull: symptoms usually mild and transient

129
Q

What is a brain contusion

A

significant tissue damage which usually causes unconsciousness( coma) ranging from hours to a lifetime

130
Q

What is a hemorrhage

A

rupture in blood vessel, causes blood to accumulate inside skull

131
Q

What is intracranial pressure

A

amount of pressure available inside skull

arises after hemorrhages because extra blood volume take up additional space and compress brain tissue

132
Q

what happens if pressure isn’t released in skull

A

forces brain stem down through foramen magnum which causes damage to brain stem and affects control of BP, HR and finally respiration

133
Q

What are 2 major symptoms of brain disorders

A

apraxia and ataxia

134
Q

Define apraxia and ataxia

A

apraxia: impaired motor planning- results in rigid movement and difficult execution movement
ataxia: impaired motor coordination- result from injury to cerebellum

135
Q

What is a CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident: stroke
occurs when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked
tissue in that area dies due to lack of O2 and nutrients
severity depends on which vessel is blocked
larger the artery the more damage there will be

136
Q

Whats a CT

A

image to look visual cross-section of the brain

137
Q

what are 2 types of strokes

A

ischemic: due to blockage: clot or fat deposit in cerebral artery
Hemorrhagic: occur due to brain bleed- severe often = death, if survives deal with paralysis, cognitive deficits, speech problem, emotional difficulty and pain

138
Q

what is a TIA

A

transient ischemic attack: occurs when very small clot causes temporary block in blood flow but dissolves

139
Q

what is neural plasticity

A

undamaged neuron is surrounded area sprout new branches that spread into injured area take over lost function

140
Q

What is alzheimer’s disease

A

form of dementia
progressive degenerative disease of the brain- results in mental decline until brain no long control body function
plaques form and tangle together with brain to prevent nerve firing

141
Q

What are symptoms of alzheimer

A

early: difficulty remembering newly learned info
middle: more issues with basic memory and behavior changes
final: problems with speech, walking and swallowing

142
Q

What is ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: lou gehrig disease
rare neuromuscular condition that involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neuron
as progresses cause paralysis

143
Q

define paralysis

A

loss of motor function: sensory los causes by local damged to spinal cord or spinal nerve roots

144
Q

define paraplegia

A

lower limb paralysis spinal cord injury T1-L1

145
Q

define quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all 4 limbs-> may occur if spinal cord is injury in cervical spine

146
Q

What is carpal tunnel

A

compression of median nerve causing decreased sensation in first 3 digit and 1/2 of 4th digit

147
Q

What is claw hand

A

damage to ulnar nerve

inability to open 4th, 5th finger at metacarpal joint

148
Q

What is sciatica

A

increased pressure on sciatic nerve from surrounding muscles result in pain in lower pelvis and posterior thigh

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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