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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Lymphatic system

A

consist of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs

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2
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries

A

absorb fats and transport them to the blood stream

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3
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A

help with immunity to defend body against disease

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4
Q

Which way does lymph flow

A

one way from lymphatic capillary system to subclavian vein, join venous circulation to go back to heart

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5
Q

Does all fluid return to the heart via cardiovascular system

A

most, not all leftover, go into lymphatic capillary flow to lymphatic vessel

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6
Q

What is the function of lymphatic capillaries

A

take plasma fluid that has not been reabsorbed by circulatory system
fluid bathes cells assisting capillaries in delivering glucose, O2, salts, amino acids and other nutrient

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7
Q

What is the excess fluid entering lymphatic capillaries called

A

lymph

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8
Q

Where does lymph flow

A

from lymphatic capillaries into larger lymphatic vessels until eventually empty into venous blood

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9
Q

Describe lymphatic vessels

A

extend throughout the body
have one way valve: structure similar to veins
return lymph dependent on squeezing action of skeletal muscles

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10
Q

Where do all lymphatic vessels merge before enter venous circulation

A

thoracic duct-> Left/Right Lymphatic Duct

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11
Q

Where does the L+R lymphatic drain

A

Left lymphatic duct goes to L subclavian Vein

Right lymphatic duct goes to R subclavian Vein

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12
Q

Where does larger duct drain fluid from

A

both lower extremities, abdomen, L arm, L side Head and neck

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13
Q

Where does R thoracic duct drain from

A

is smaller and drain from R arm, R side of head and neck and R thoracic area

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14
Q

Which organs are considered lymphoid

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

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15
Q

what is a lymph node encapsulated in

A

encapsulated in fibrous connective tissue with many incoming and few outgoing lymph vessels

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16
Q

What are afferent vessels

A

incoming vessels flows through network of sinuses contain cells

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17
Q

What are the efferent vessels

A

allow lymph to flow out of lymph node

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18
Q

How is the interior of lymph node divided

A

nodules

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19
Q

What do nodes contain

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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20
Q

what is function of lymph node

A

filter center, rid flowing lymph of infection organism and other debris as it passes through sinuses( cortical, orbital, medullary)

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21
Q

Where do lymph nodes tend to be grouped

A

together in regions of the body: groin, axilla

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22
Q

Where is spleen located

A

upper left abdomen

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23
Q

What is spleen function

A

extract old/defect blood cells and platelets

remove debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses, toxins

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24
Q

What is spleen encapsulated

A

thin fibrous connective tissue with incoming splenic artery and outgoing splenic vein

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25
Q

How is interior spleen divided

A

lobules, open spaces, contain lymphocytes and macrophage carry out function of spleen

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26
Q

How does blood enter and leave spleen

A

enter splenic artery, leave splenic vein flows to Hepatic Portal vein

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27
Q

Where does hepatic portal system drain to and from what

A

carries blood drained from vein of spleen, intestine, stomach and pancreas to liver
liver take blood and detoxifies before return to general circulation

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28
Q

Where is Thymus gland located

A

anterior surface of heart

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29
Q

what does Thymus secrete

A

thymosin and thymopoietin hormones

enable T lymphocytes( T cell) to mature and function as part of immunity

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30
Q

How do T cells aid in immune defense

A

attack body cells which are cancerous or infected with pathogens

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31
Q

What is noted about thymus as human grow

A

prominent in newborn: larger during childhood

growth of thymus stop in teen years and whither away by old age

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32
Q

What are the tonsils( palatine tonsils)

A

group small lymphoid organ in lateral posterior portion of throat

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33
Q

How do the tonsils function

A

gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food

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34
Q

What are the channels in tonsils called

A

crypt:

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35
Q

What is the function of crypts

A

to trap bacteria and foreign matter

bacteria then go into lymphoid tissue where destroyed

36
Q

What is the function of the immune system

A

ID foreign, invading particles and eliminate them

37
Q

What is a non-specific immune system

A

innate immune system
serves as first line defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogen entering the body
acts the same to all threats, rapidly destroy large # of pathogens

38
Q

What is specific immune system

A

takes several days to activate
extremely effective against pathogens
main lymphocytes: T and B cells

39
Q

The skin is a part of which immune response system

A

non- specific

very few pathogens penetrate the skin

40
Q

What is normal flora

A

good bacteria growth in environment from tear and sweat

produce lactic acid inhibit pathogenic bacteria

41
Q

Define inflammatory response

A

localized response in the tissue

42
Q

What are the 3 parts of the inflammatory response process

A
  1. inflammation increase blood flow to infection region
  2. tissue swelling dilates vessel in affected area to help increase # of immune cell response to infection
  3. Increased blood cause redness and pain: brings awareness
43
Q

What are cytokines

A

secreted proteins

regulate and signal both specific and non-specific immune system

44
Q

What are the 2 main groups of cytokines

A

interferon: inhibit viral replication, assist natural killer cell
interleukin: chemical activator, sends signal throughout body to increase immune response

45
Q

What does pyrogen do

A

reset body thermostat in hypothalamus

is a subtype of interleukin

46
Q

What is a fever

A

raise body temp set point

help body fight infection, interfere with

47
Q

What is the function of a fever

A

help body fight infection, interfere with growth and replication of pathogen
cause lysosome to break down
lysosome release enzyme that lyse cell infected by virus
promote activity of wbc
when in short duration assist recovery

48
Q

How are WBC divided

A

granulocyte: have granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocyte: donā€™t have granules in cytoplasm

49
Q

What are included as granulocyte

A

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

50
Q

Describe a neutrophil

A

most abundant WBC
responsible for fighting infect that involve bacteria
use phagocytosis to invest foreign material
has a short life, die quickly after pathogen eaten
after death exit body as pus
multi-lobed nucleus: when stained is light pink

51
Q

What is phagocytosis process

A

cell recognize pathogen by cell surface receptor
neutrophil bind to pathogen, bring into cell, form vacuole
vacuole fuses with cell lysosomes, released digestive enzymes to destroy pathogen
once pathogen destroyed, contents released from cell

52
Q

Describe Eosinophil structure and function

A

respond to allergic reaction and parasitic infection

similar in appearance to nuetrophil except granules stain dark pink to red

53
Q

Describe Basophil structure and function

A

rarest form of granulocyte

involved with release histamine and heparin same shape of neutrophil and eosinophil: granules stain dark blue/purple

54
Q

What is histamine

A

vasodilator: increase blood flow through dilation vessels and capillaries

55
Q

What is heparin

A

blood anticoagulation: help prevent formation of blood clots

56
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

57
Q

Describe monocytes

A

Lg WBC: ā€œUā€ shaped nucleus

move into tissue to become macrophage

58
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes

A

T-cell, B-cell, Natural Killer cell

specific immune response depends on activity of lymphocytes

59
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes

A

make antibodies, attack foreign cells, destroy body cells that have lost normal function

60
Q

What is the structure of lymphocytes

A

large dark nucleus w/little cytoplasm

61
Q

Where are B-cells produced

A

Millions produced in bone marrow

62
Q

What is the function and structure of B-cells

A

genetically program produce glycoprotein receptor as part of cell coat
each receptor bind with antigen
becomes active when antigen binds with specific receptor

63
Q

What is an antigen

A

molecule specifically recognized as foreign by immune system

64
Q

what is B-cell called when activated

A

plasma cell

65
Q

What is function of plasma cell

A 
produce antibodies( immunoglobulins)
soluble form of glycoprotein from B-cell surface
66
Q

What are the 5 categories of immunobloulins

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA

67
Q

What do some activated B-cell become

A

memory B cell

68
Q

What is function of memory B cell

A

continue to produce small amount of antibody even after infection
allows product of antibody faster if some pathogen comes again

69
Q

What is an antibody

A

mediated immunity- defend body against pathogen through secretion of antibodies
bind to pathogen, mark for phagocytosis and make it unable to do more damage

70
Q

What are T-cells

A

thymus-dependent: originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland

71
Q

what is function of T-cells

A

work through cell-mediated immunity: locally releases content: cytokines or enzyme to kill pathogen

72
Q

What is a killer T cell

A

cytotoxic: recognize and destroy cell contains foreign antigen
attack virus infected cell or cancer cell by release cytotoxin and lyses cell

73
Q

What is a helper T-cell

A

secrete substance activates immune response

B-cell require interact with T cell before rapid division

74
Q

What are Natural killer cells

A

originate in bone marrow
seek out abnormal body cells and destroy them
highly effective against tumor cells

75
Q

What is a graft rejection

A

rejection of transplanted organ by organ donor

tissue donated usually originate in other body

76
Q

What is MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex
glycoprotein surface receptors on all cells of body
enable immune system to determine what cells are body and what are foreign

77
Q

What is the process of graft rejection

A

MHC on surface of graft is recognized as foreign pathogen
to help host accept graft, immunosuppressant drugs are used to suppress immune system: makes patient more susceptible to infection due to lower immune

78
Q

What is an autoimmune disease

A

lymphocyte attack own body: antibodies and T-cells

79
Q

What is RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis
T cells attack synovial lining inside joints
T cell produce interleukin cause inflammation inside joint systemically

80
Q

What is MS

A

Multiple sclerosis

antibodies attack/prevent formation myelin sheath around nerve cells produces muscular weakness

81
Q

what are allergies

A

antibodies produced against mild antigen( allergen)
common: environmental
Sx: red/watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, headache

82
Q

What is anaphylaxis

A

excessive immune response
severe life threatening reaction against pathogen, insect bug bite
antibody overproduced by B-cell- capillary permeability cause reaction in minutes

83
Q

What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

swelling/hives, narrow respiratory pathway,
severe: lowered BP could lead to anaphylaxis shock which could be fatal due to severely dilated capillaries causing heart to stop or airway to close

84
Q

What is an Epi-pen

A

pen that injects epinephrine into thigh at beginning of anaphylaxis; epinephrine offsets symptoms

85
Q

What is edema

A

accumulation of fluid

86
Q

What is lymphedema

A

lymph vessel can become blocked or have difficulty with lymph drainage
fluid slowly accumulate become swollen and distended
serious if not treat as vulnerable to infection, connective tissue could be permanent stretch or distention

87
Q

What is tonsillitis

A

inflammation of the tonsils

become infected and appear white and swollen from a viral/bacterial infection

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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