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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Module 4 Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Module 4 Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Define cardiovascular system

A

closed circulatory system: fluid pumped from heart throughout the body and back to the heart
study of muscular heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

What does cardio mean

A

heart

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3
Q

What does vascular mean

A

vessels

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4
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system

A

transport gas, nutrients and waste throughout the body
prevents loss of blood from ruptured vessel through clotting mechanisms
fights invasion of body by foreign pathogen

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of the heart

A

fist sized: 300 grams
cone shaped organ in pericardial cavity
lies in anterior portion of mediastinum between lungs

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6
Q

Describe pleural cavities

A

2 lateral

each contain a lung on either side of mediasteinum

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7
Q

Describe pericardium

A

encloses heart in tough sac and protects heart and anchors to diaphragm
inner and outer layer is covered by epithelium

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8
Q

Describe myocardium

A

bulk of heart
cardiac muscle- contracts
highly branched attached by collagen connective tissue
has cardiac fibers

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9
Q

what do cardiac fibers do

A

link parts of heart together

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10
Q

Describe endocardium

A

line heart
is white endothelium
continuous with blood vessel linigs

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11
Q

How many chambers in the heart and what are they called

A

4 chambers split into L and R

upper: atria: smaller: receive blood
lower: ventricles: larger: pump and send

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12
Q

Define fossa ovalis

A

shallow depression on septum separate atria
mark opening between atria-present in develop fetus
allow fetal blood to move between both atria
closes during birth

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13
Q

What is function of pulmonary valve

A

regulate blood flow one way

control flow leaving R ventricle into pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

What is function of aortic valve

A

control blood out of L ventricle into aorta

stronger than pulmonary because of increased BP needed to send blood through body

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15
Q

What is function of mitral valve

A

also called bicuspid

control flow blood from L atrium to L ventricle

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16
Q

What is function of tricuspid valve

A

control blood flow R atrium to R ventricle

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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18
Q

Describe arteries

A

palpable pulse
carry blood away from heart
elastic, thick walled, expand and contract to accommodate Lg blood volume flowing from the heart @ end of heart beat
Lg arteries expand and recoil to help heart pump blood through systemic circulation

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19
Q

Describe arterioles

A

small arteries- constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
control BP

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20
Q

How does arteriole control BP

A

contract arteriole increase BP through decreased blood volume
relax arteriole lowers BP as increased available blood volume
primary vessel responsible for different levels of peripheral resistance( vary BP) to blood flow on external and internal conditions affect body

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21
Q

Describe veins

A

thinner vessel under lower pressure
don’t have pulses
internal valve open toward heart and close @ end of heartbeat to prevent blood flow backward
have compliance: stretch with little recoil
have lg amount of blood in CV

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22
Q

What is the opening in the center of a vessel called

A

lumen

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23
Q

What are the 1 layers of arteries

A 
tunica externa( adventitia)
most superficial layer of vessel
help anchor vessel to surrounding structures
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24
Q

What is the 2nd layer of an artery

A

tunica media
middle muscular layer of vessel has external elastic membrane
layer of smooth muscle
layer of internal elastic membrane

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25
Q

What is 3rd layer of artery

A

tunica intima

layer of vessel contains layer of sub endothelial tissue and layer of endothelium

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26
Q

What are capillaries

A

branches of arterioles that cause formation of narrow tubes
interconnect to form capillary beds
responsible for exchange of materials within cells of the body
blood collected from capillary beds by small veins( venules)

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27
Q

What are venules

A

small veins

may join vein to return blood to the heart

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28
Q

How does blood get to heart- basic overview

A

2 artery system

L and R: arise at base of aorta and supply O2 and nutrients to heart tissue

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29
Q

Describe Left Coronary Artery

A

runs L side of heart

divides into anterior interventricular branch and circum flex branch

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30
Q

Where does anterior intrerventricular branch of L coronary artery supply blood to

A

supply blood to both L and R ventricle

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31
Q

Where does circum flex branch of L coronary artery supply blood to

A

Left atrium and L ventricle

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32
Q

Describe Right Coronary Artery

A

runs right side of heart and divides into posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery

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33
Q

Where does posterior interventricular branch of coronary artery supply blood to

A

right atrium and right ventricle

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34
Q

Where does marginal branch of right coronary supply blood to

A

right atrium and right ventricle

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35
Q

How does blood get to the body

A

from heart goes through aorta, spread to rest of the body

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36
Q

Where does aortic arch turn and what does it lead to

A

aortic arch turns posteriorly and lead to descending aorta

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37
Q

Where is thoracic aorata

A

thoracic aorta in thoracic cavity above diaphram

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38
Q

What does descending aorta become

A

abdominal aorta below diaphram

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39
Q

What is function of inferior vena cava

A

return deoxygenated blood from lower body

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40
Q

what is function of superior vena cava

A

return blood to heart from upper body

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41
Q

How are the major blood vessel named

A

named for region located or where supply blood

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42
Q

What is brachiocephalic trunk

A

vessel that is 1rst branch off aortic arch

supplies blood to right arm and neck

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43
Q

What are the R and L subclavian artery and vein

A

run parallel to each on L and R sides of the body

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44
Q

What is the circle of willis

A

cerebral arterial circle

able to provide alternate circulation in case one of arteries becomes blocked

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45
Q

Why is alternate circulation important in the brain

A

neurons must be continuously suppled with oxygen or die in minutes

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46
Q

Where are the 2 vertebral arteries and how named

A

rise superiorly along both sides of spinal cord
Basilar artery
posterior communicating arteries

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47
Q

Describe the basilar artery and where does it branch

A

found at base of Pons

branches into L and R posterior cerebral arteries

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48
Q

Describe the posterior communicating arteries

A

connect L and R internal carotid arteries in neck

terminate in L and R middle cerebral arteries

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49
Q

Where do the anterior cerebral arteries branch off middle

A

connected by anterior communicating artery

thus completing the circuit

50
Q

How is blood classified

A

connective tissue

51
Q

What makes up blood compositon

A

plasma: liquid

formed elements: cell portion: RBC, WBC, platelets

52
Q

Describe serum

A

identical to plasma: protein removed
accomplished by letting blood sit in a tube until it clots and then centrifuging sample to separate solid and liquid portion

53
Q

What are the functions of plasma

A
  1. buffer pH blood near 7.4
  2. assist in transport Lg organic molecules and aids in blood clotting
  3. plasma maintain blood osmotic pressure because of presence of protein
54
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

net pressure in blood moves fluid from tissues into circulatory system

55
Q

What is function of osmotic pressure

A

driven by proteins in plasma that remain in capillaries

opposes hydrostatic pressure of blood: pushes fluid into tissues by pressure of blood pumping from heart

56
Q

Why is osmotic pressure important for homeostasis

A

to have ongoing balance between osmotic and hydrostatic pressure so fluids flow into tissues and return to circulatory system

57
Q

Describe RBC

A

Red blood cells
small biconcave disks carry O2
4-6 million per 1.0mm of whole blood
each RBC contain 250 million hemoglobin molecules

58
Q

Define hemoglobin

A

contains iron combines loosely with O2 help carry O2 in blood

59
Q

Where are RBC manufactured

A

red bone marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae, ends of long bone

60
Q

What is anucleate

A

mature RBC w/o a nucleus

61
Q

What must happen to a RBC before being released into blood

A

must lose nucleus and synthesize with hemoglobin

62
Q

How long do RBC live and what happens at end of their life

A

live for 120 days then destroyed in liver and spleen

after destroyed hemoglobin is released so iron recycled and returned to red bone marrow for reuse

63
Q

What happens to heme portion after hemoglobin released

A

undergoes chemical degradation and excreted by liver as bile pigment

64
Q

What are WBC

A

White blood cells

leukocytes

65
Q

How are WBC differ from RBC

A

WBC have larger nucleus

lack hemoglobin

66
Q

What is an inflammatory response

A

happens when unwanted organisms enter due to injury

will see swelling, redness, increase in blood flow to injured site

67
Q

What happens during inflammatory resposne

A

WBC squeeze through capillary walls and enter tissue fluid where destroy foreign material

68
Q

What are the contents of pus seen after injury

A

thick/yellow: contain lg proportion of dead WBC fought the infection

69
Q

what are the types of wbc

A

granulocyte: have granules in cytoplasm
agranuloyte: don’t have granules in cytoplasm
lymphocyte: T cells, B cells

70
Q

What are platelets

A

thrombocytes
involved in process of blood clotting: coagulation
not true cells
fragment of Lg bone marrow processor called megakarocyte
help stop bleeding by sticking to edge of wound

71
Q

how do platelets start to heal broken blood vessels

A

platelets clump @ site of puncture and begin to partially seal the leak
once they stick to the tear- release chemicals to signal coagulation cascade- blood clotting
platelets and injured tissue release clouting factor called prothrombin activator- converts prothrombin to thrombin

72
Q

What is needed to assist the blood clotting process

A

fibrinogen

73
Q

Describe fibrinogen

A

protein manufactured in liver freely float in blood

thrombin help convert fibrinogen to fibrin

74
Q

How does fibrin assist in blood clotting

A

fibrin threads wind around platelet and plug in damaged area of blood vessel and provide framework for clot
RBC trapped in fibrin make clot appear red

75
Q

What is a platelet plug

A

network of fibrin and platelets working together to stop bleeding- but present only temporarily

76
Q

What happens once blood vessel repair is initaited

A

plasmin( enzyme) destroy fibrin network and restore fluidity of plasma

77
Q

what results in malfunction of clotting mechanisms

A

clotting disorders

78
Q

What are the 4 heart valves that control blood flow and what direction does blood flow

A

flow only one direction: through heart, lungs and body

flow forward: vessels: atria: into ventricle: out of ventricle

79
Q

How many circuits in circulatory system

A

2: double pump
R: pulmonary: send deoxygenated blood to lung to get O2
L: systemic circuit: send oxygenated blood from heart to cells of the body

80
Q

Process for blood return( deoxygenated) to heart

A
  1. ) blood from superior and inferior vena cavae goes to R atrium
  2. ) from R atrium blood flow through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
  3. R ventricle pump blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery to lung
  4. after blood in lung is oxygenated(lose CO2)-carried by pulmonary vein to heart enter L atrium
  5. blood flow through bicuspid valve to L ventricle- pumps to aortic valve in aorta
  6. Aortic arch turns posterioly, carry oxygenated blood to supply cells of all body tissue w/O2 and nutrients
  7. Deoxygenated blood returned to R atrium through vena cavae
81
Q

What is average HR

A

70 bpm

82
Q

What is systole

A

contraction of heart chamber

83
Q

what is diastole

A

relaxation of chamber

84
Q

What are the 3 phases of cardiac cycle

A
  1. atria contract .15 seconds while ventricle relax
  2. ventricle contract .30 second atria relax
  3. all chamber relax for .40 second
85
Q

Why does short systole of atria occur

A

atria send blood short distance into ventricle

86
Q

Why does ventricle contract longer

A

has to pump to larger systemic and pulmonary circulatory pathways

87
Q

What are heart sounds

A

hear “lub-dub” as valves of heart close
first “lub” when atrioventricular ( bicuspid and tricuspid valves close)
2nd “dub” heard when semilunar valves close

88
Q

What is blood pressure

A

level of contraction of L ventricle force blood into arteries under pressure

89
Q

What is systolic

A

blood forced into arteries during ventricular systole

90
Q

what is diasotlic

A

pressure in arteries during ventricular diasole

91
Q

How do you measure BP

A

sphygmomanometer

measures amount of pressure required to stop flow of blood through an artery- usually taken on brachial artery

92
Q

How do you take a BP

A

place cuff on patient with arrow pointing up over brachial artery
bladder is held in place by the cuff
put stethoscope in ears and place end over brachial artery
squeeze bulb to inflate bladder with air
watch manometer- displays pressure in mm hG
pressure slowly released with valve and watch numbers
the systolic is the first sound of HB
diastolic reading is when HB goes away
reading is 2 numbers: systolic/diastolic
normal is 120/80

93
Q

What factors enable blood return to heart from vein

A
  1. low resistance in venous walls
  2. internal valves prevent backward flow of blood
  3. assistance of muscular contraction in limbs and chest enable blood in veins to maintain a flow rate signifacte to return blood to the heart
94
Q

what is contraction of cardiac muscle

A

begins in heart muscle: somewhat independent of nerve supply from CNS
heart can beat on its own with proper nutrients and O2

95
Q

How is HR regulated

A

by nerves and endocrine system
neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and acetylcholine
allow change in BP due to emotional and physical stressors

96
Q

What is the SA node

A

electrical impulse
sinoatrial node
found in R atrium: pace maker
small mass of cardio muscle: contain nervous and cardiac tisue

97
Q

What is the path for electrical impulses

A

begin at SA node, travel through atria, create L and R atrial systole
travel AV node and bundle of His
travel ventricular apex
final travel through purkinje fiber: cause L and R ventricle to contract

98
Q

What is AV node

A

atrioventricular node

99
Q

What is an EKC/ECG

A

electrocardiogram

100
Q

What is measured in an EKG

A

measure electrical impulse in heart

101
Q

What are the waves seen on EKG

A

P wave: atrial depolarization and atrial systole
QRS Complex: ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole
T wave: ventricular depolarization( return to rest) and ventricular diastole
no way to depolarize atria: activity lost in QRS complex

102
Q

What is syncope

A

reduced flow of blood and oxygen to brain: faint

often result of standing for long periods of time with straight legs: blood pool to legs

103
Q

What is edema

A

fluid accumulation

104
Q

What are causes of L side Heart failure

A

pulmonary edema

backup fluid in lung : CHF

105
Q

What is hypertension

A

high BP

higher than 120/80

106
Q

What are causes of high BP

A

atherosclerosis
thrombus
embolus
thromboembolism

107
Q

Describe atherosclerosis

A

accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials
often cholesterol in arteries
plaque
accumulate beneath lining of arteries
as build: protrude through vessel interfere with blood flow
cause blood clot to form on irregular atrial wall
may stop blood flow in immediate area of clot dislodge and travel, clogs small artery in its path

108
Q

what is a thrombus

A

stationary blood clot

109
Q

what is embolus

A

blood clot dislodge and move with blood

110
Q

what is thromboembolism

A

embolus lodge in vessel as it travels

111
Q

what is a pulmonary thromboembolism

A

blockage of major artery in lungs: cause shortness of breath and angina( chest pain)

112
Q

What is infarction

A

occur if blood vessel entirely blocked by thrombus or embolism cause tissue death
if unresolved= fatal

113
Q

What is myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of O2

114
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

chest pain: could be felt if coronary artery partially blocked due to plaque
pain radiate L arm
lots of other symptoms

115
Q

What is treatment for thromboembolism

A

2 drugs given by IV to dissolve clot
1. streptokinase: normally produced by bacteria
2. T-PA genetically engineered
both meds convert plasminogen to molecule in blood to plasmin to dissolve clot
if symptomatic may be given aspirin- reduces coagulation of platelet and decrease probability of clot forming

116
Q

What is an angioplasty

A

surgeon spread plastic tube into artery of arm/leg
tube guided to heart through blood vessel
when reaches segment closed by pique in coronary artery, balloon inflated forces vessel open

117
Q

What is a coronary bypass

A

segment of blood vessel of patients body stitched to one end of aorta and other end to artery past obstruction
once heart exposed: dr uses laser to open clogged coronary artery

118
Q

What are other symptoms of heart attack

A 
head: lightheaded
arm/back/jaw/neck/shoulder: pain, numb
chest: pain pressure fullness
skin: cold sweat
lung: trouble breathing
stomach: upset and nausea
women: tired and weak for days/weeks before MI, heartburn, cough, heart flutter
119
Q

What is the right circuit of the heart called

A

pulmonary: bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen

120
Q

What is the left circuit of the heart called

A

systemic: bring oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

121
Q

what do the lub dub sounds of the heart mean

A

lub: atrioventricular: tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
dub: semilunar valves close

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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