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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > module 6 reproductive system > Flashcards

module 6 reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the female reproductive organs

A

ovaries, oviduct( fallopian tube), uterus, vagina

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2
Q

What is the overall function of the female reproductive organs

A

produce eggs and estrogen

maintain development of fetus after fertilization

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3
Q

Which female reproductive organ is the main one

A

ovaries

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4
Q

What is the anatomy of the ovaries

A

2 glands almond shaped

1 on each side of uterus below uterine tube

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5
Q

What is inside each ovary

A

ovarian follicles: hold immature egg

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6
Q

What is ovulation

A

release of mature egg approx every 28 days

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7
Q

What is the ovarian cycle

A

egg released from ovarian follicle

becomes corpus luted after ovulation: helps maintain pregnancy if egg is fertilized

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8
Q

What is included in the duct system in females

A

oviduct, uterus, vaginal canal

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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of the oviducts

A

fallopian tube: extend ovaries to uterus
3 section: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
3 coats: outer serus , middle muscular, inner mucosa

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10
Q

What are finibrae

A

finger like projections on infundibulum end of table farthest from uterus
capture egg from ovary at ovulation

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11
Q

What is key about ampulla

A

region of tube where most often fertilized egg moved into by sweep onion of finbria
nourish zygote

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12
Q

Which coat is responsible for nourish zygote

A

mucosa layer: provide fluid

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13
Q

What is the overview of how egg moves through female duct system

A
  1. fimbriea capture egg from ovaries - after bursting from follies and being swept into oviduct by cilia and fimbriea
  2. moves to ampulla: nourish zygote during early cell division, mucous layer provide fluid allow division
  3. muscular contract and cilia ove egg toward uterus through isthmus
  4. isthmus opens into uterus deliver embryo to uterine cavity when time for implantation
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14
Q

What is the anatomy of the uterus

A

hollow thick walled organ: muscle: inverted pear- connects uterine tubes and vagina, forward tilt between bladder and rectum

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A
  1. outer serous perimetric
  2. myometrium: muscular- expand during pregnancy to hold growing fetus and contracts during labor to push baby
  3. inner endometrium: embryo complete development: shed monthly- 28 days if not pregnant
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16
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterus

A
  1. fundus: upper: top of pubic bone( height) during pregnancy to provide growth rate of fetus
  2. body: receive ovum, come implant i endometrium to receive nourishment develop ovum-> embryo->fetus->baby
  3. lower: cervix: connect uterus to vagina and charge in size and texture
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17
Q

What happens to cervix prior to ovulation and how does it assist pregnancy

A

cervix swell, soften, secrete mucous- allows sperm better accessory and viability in uterus
when pregnant, mucous plug develop into cervix and prevent bacteria from getting into uterus
stays closed until fetus is full term

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18
Q

What is the vaginal canal in female

A

small opening @ cervix

elastic muscular tube lead cervix to outside of body

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19
Q

What are the 4 walls of the vaginal canal

A

inner, intermediate, muscular, outer( elastic fibers, blood vessel, lymph vessel, nerves arise here)

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20
Q

What is the fluid that is in vaginal surface

A

mucous

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21
Q

What is important about mucousal lining

A

lie in folds, can extend, important for vagina to serve as birth canal and facilitate intercourse

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22
Q

What are the functions of the vaginal canal

A

receive male penis during intercouse
provide outlet for menstural blood during menses
birth canal for baby

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23
Q

What is the Vulva and its 6 parts

A

External Genitalia

  1. Mons Pubis: fat pad in front of pubic symphysis covered in hair
  2. Vestible: surround urethral and vaginal orifaces
  3. Labia Majora: outer fold skin located post to mons pubis
  4. Labia Minora: 2nd skin fold surrounded by labia major
  5. Clitoris: anterior end of labia majora
  6. Orifices: opening for urethra and vagina inside labia minor: urethral orifice is anterior to vaginal orifice
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24
Q

What are the Mammary Glands

A

female breast tissue: contain 1-2 dozen lobules each with mammry duct

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25
Q

Where does mammary duct begin and function

A

@ nipples and divide ito numerous other ducts end in blind sac call alveoli
in non-lasting breast: duct outnumber alveoli since alveoli made up of cells produce milk

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26
Q

What is lactation and which hormone is needed

A

prolactin is needed and suppressed by estrogen and progesterone
lactation begin few days after delivery
prior to delivery: breasts produce yellow liquid: colostrum: highly concentrated with protein

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27
Q

What is oogenesis

A

production of eggs in ovaries that occur during development of fetus in womb and is complete by birth
at menopause no more egg release
female has all eggs she’ll have from birth to around 50

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28
Q

What is oogonia

A

female stem cells mitotic division: 2 primary oocytes
covered by follicles: primary
FSH secreted by pituitary gland when female reach puberty : cause follicle maturity each month

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29
Q

Describe the 1rst step of process of oogonia

A

primary oocyte in follicle undergoes first meiotic division: 2 daughter cells- secondary oocyte and first polar body- polar body produced so chromosome divide properly

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30
Q

What happens if secondary oocyte is united with sperm

A

second meiotic division occur: 2nd polar body and ovum with 23 chromosomes
ovum + sperm= egg with 46 chromosomes

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31
Q

How many polar bodies does the female produce in oogenesis and what happens if secondary oocyte does not meet sperm

A

2-3 polar bodies and 1 viable gamete( ovum)

if does not meet sperm it dies and sheds with menses

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32
Q

What happens around ovulation that is necessary for pregnancy

A

anterior pituitary secrete LH: cause follicle to become corpus luteum

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33
Q

What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce

A

estrogen: produced off eggs and menstrual cycle
secondary sex characteristic: not involved in reproductive- enlarged breast, wide pelvis, fat deposit in breast, hip and butt
Progesterone: necessary maintenance of pregnancy

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34
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. menstrual: begin day 1- all but innermost layer of endometrium is shed: last until day 5
  2. Proliferative: accrue day 6-14: endometrium rebuild in response to increased estrogen: ovulation occurs day 14
  3. Secretory: day 15-28: corpus luteum secrete progesterone cause increase blood supply in uteruss and secretion of nutrients: prepare for implant
    if no fertilization : corpus luted die and endometrium blood supply decrease because of decreased progesterne
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35
Q

What is menstrual flow

A

tissue from endometrium and blood flow from uterus to vagina to exit via vaginal canal

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36
Q

What are the organs of the male reproductive system

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis

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37
Q

What are the male gonads

A

paired testes: suspend in fascia sac of scrotum

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38
Q

What is function of testes

A

sperm and testosterone production

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39
Q

what is testosterone

A

hormone produced by interstitial cells

40
Q

What are the main reproductive organs for male

A

testes and penis

41
Q

what does each testes have and what is produced

A

each testes has lobules which have seminiferous tubules produce sperm

42
Q

Where does sperm travel after production

A

to epidiymous to mature and then be expelled

43
Q

What is sterility

A

inability to produce gametes: occur if testes do not descent into scrotum
occur because sperm production need environment cooler than body temp

44
Q

What is the duct system in the male reproductive system

A

contains accessory organs: epididymus, vas deferen, urethra

provides a place for sperm to mature

45
Q

Where do sperm mature, how long and where do they go

A

in epidyimus: tightly coiled tubes start at superior end of testes and travel inferiorly along posterior lateral sides of testes
maturation= 20 days
after propelled to vas deferens

46
Q

Where is the vas deferen

A

is in spermatic cord held by spermatic fascia

47
Q

How does sperm travel through vas deferen

A

inside spermatic cord superior through inguinal canal
after enter abdominal wall and turn to posterior over bladder
descend inferiorly to base of prostate gland and connect with duct of seminal vesicle: forms ejaculatory duct
ejacultory duct connect urethra to provide way for sperm to leave body

48
Q

Where is inguinal canal located

A

location in anterior abdominal wall for spermatic cord to enter

49
Q

What is Vasectomy

A

performed for permanent sterility
vas deferen is cut, tied and prevent sperm exit body
does not affect testosterone production

50
Q

What is the urethra in males

A

carry urine from bladder through penis
part of both reproductive and urinary systems
only one can function at a time

51
Q

What are the 3 regions of the urethra

A
  1. prostatic: surround by prostate gland
  2. membranous: begin @ end of prostatic urethra travel to penis
  3. spongy: run through penis and open to outside @ external orifice
52
Q

What are the external genitalia of the male

A

penis and scrotum

53
Q

What is the anatomy of the penis

A

cylindrical organ hang in front of scrotum
spongy erectile tissue contain blood spaces extend through shaft of penis
Shaft: L+R corpus cavernosum, 1 corpus spongiosum
Glans: enlarged tip at birth has foreskin

54
Q

What is arousal and erection

A

increased blood flow for arousal

erection :space with blood= hard penis: function to be inserted into vagina: given semen to women

55
Q

What is the anatomy of the scrotum

A

pouch of skin, hold testes outside of body, posterior to penis, held by spermatic fascia
skin adjust to outside temp: contract when outside temp is cold so sperm stay warm from body heat and expand when warm to keep sperm away from body heat

56
Q

What is semen

A

thick, white fluid: contain sperm and accessory gland

contain: fructose( fuel), prostaglandin( movement), relaxin( motility enhance), alkaline pH(protect), antibiotic)

57
Q

What are the seminal vesicles

A

lie at base of bladder and join vas deferen to form ejactuatory duct, enter urethra,
secrete semen
paired organ

58
Q

What is the prostate gland

A

secretes milky alkaline fluid: increases motility of sperm

in older men may enlarge and constrict urethra making urination slow and difficult

59
Q

What is bulbourethral glands

A

slightly below prostate, either side of urethra
secrete alkaline fluid
secrete 1 during ejaculation
fluid clears neutralize acidity of any urine in urethra( acidity will kill sperm)

60
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm

61
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take to complete and when does it start happening

A

takes 64-72 to complete

begins at puberty

62
Q

What is the sperm formation process

A
  1. from spermatogonia in seminiferous tubule in teste: stem cells go through meiotic division
  2. once male enter puberty, anterior pituitary secrete FSH
  3. once FSH secreted spermatogonia goes meiotic division: 1 continue stem cell-> 2nd become primary spermatocyte
  4. Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis: produces 4 gametes each with 23 chromosomes and become spermatids: all 4 viable
  5. spermatid undergo spermiogensis: surplus cytoplasm stripped away from mature sperm
63
Q

What are the 3 parts of mature sperm

A
  1. Head: nucleus contain DNA w/crown->acrosome break down membrane egg to allow sperm to attach
  2. mid piece: numerous mitochondria generate locomotive energy: swim through female
  3. tail: flagellum, used to propel sperm through female reproductive tract
64
Q

Which is the primary hormone produced in male reproductive

A

testosterone

65
Q

when does testosterone production begin

A

at puberty
anterior pituitary secrete LH and FSH
stimulates hair growth
stimulate sex characteristic: broad shoulder, lowered voice, increased muscles and bone, increased hair

66
Q

What are human sex cells called

A

gametes

egg( oocyte), sperm( spermatocyte)

67
Q

what is copulation

A

sexual union to create sperm in female

68
Q

what is meant by offspring

A

half gene from each parent

69
Q

how many chromosomes due human cells have

A

46: diploid

undergo mitosis during cell division:

70
Q

How many chromosomes does a haploid cell have

A

haploid: contain 23 chromosomes instead of 46

71
Q

What are the 2 ways that sex stem cells divide

A

mitotic division: produce 2 new cell have whole set of chromosome
meiosis: only in reproductive cells

72
Q

what is a zygote

A

when sperm and egg meet and fertilize egg:

continues mitosis: develop baby

73
Q

Which chromosomes do men and women have

A

men have X, Y
women have X, X
sex of baby determined by male

74
Q

How does pregnancy begin

A

fertilization of egg by sperm to form zygote

copopulation must occur one day after ovulation or as early as 2 day prior as sperm viable 3-5 days

75
Q

Where does fertilization happen

A

oviduct

76
Q

where does zygote travel and what happens physiologically after fertilization

A

metotic division as travel to oviduct: forms morula- few more days of mitosis to form blastocyte
endometrium fill with blood to support blastocyte secrete glycogen
corpus luted release progesterone

77
Q

Which hormone signals a + pregnancy test

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

78
Q

describe implantation

A

blastocyst implants in uterus day 7
cells develop into 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
other cells form for support: amnion, placenta, umbilical cord

79
Q

what is function of amnion, placenta and umbilical cord cells

A

amniotic sac, placenta carry out nutrition and respiration and excretory, umbilical cord attach embryo to placenta

80
Q

What do the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cells form

A

ectoderm: skin and nervous tissue
mesoderm: CV, RBC, muscle
endoderm: thyroid, liver, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, lining of GI, respiratory

81
Q

How many trimesters in fetal development

A

First: 1-3 month:
Second: 4-6
Third: 6-9

82
Q

What happens in first trimester

A

nervous and cardiovascular development, head formed,
heart beat at week 3, heard at week 6
week 5 neurulation occur

83
Q

what is neurulation

A

formation neural tube from ectoderm

84
Q

Describe the neurulation process

A

lateral sides of ectoderm converge together form epidermis
neural fold form below epidermWhis create neural crest
neural plate become neural groove then neural tube when convergence is complete
anterior portion= brain
rest= brain stem and spinal cord

85
Q

what happens if neural tube does not close

A

spina bifida
very level sensor/motor disability
pregnant mom take folic acid prevent neural tube defect

86
Q

At what week is embryo considered a fetus

A

week 8

87
Q

what happens at week 13

A

movable joints, fingers and toes

88
Q

What happens in second trimester

A

eyes, ears, nose in correct position, head and body correct
16th week eyes detect light/dark, fingerprint develop
18-21 week mom feels movement
lanugo( fetal hair) Development on body to keep warm
develop sleep/wake cycle, HR normal patter

89
Q

What happens in third trimester

A

in males testes descent into scrotum
baby increase in wt, develop fat under skin
wk 32: sucking reflex
typical baby is 19-22 inch; 6-10 pounds

90
Q

What are 2 developmental milestones for the baby in trimester 3

A

lung mature

temperature self regulate

91
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor and delivery

A
  1. dilation of cervix to 10 cm
  2. delivery of baby
  3. delivery placenta
92
Q

What happens in 1rst stage of labor

A

uterus contract, push baby head agains cervix, cause dilate
longest phase: 6-10 hours
oxytocin: hormone: released from posterior pituitary gland to stimulate contraction in myometrium- continually released until baby is born

93
Q

What happens in 2nd stage of labor

A

baby pushed out birth canal after full dilation
mother uses abdominals to push baby through cervix, out vagina
shorter: 50 minutes for 1rst delivery and 20 for following
umbilical cord is cut and tied
typically born head first: if different is breech

94
Q

When is a C-section performed

A

complications arise

baby delivered through surgical incision in abdominal and uterine wall

95
Q

What happens in third stage of labor

A

placenta pushed out birth canal
considered after birth
occur within 15 minutes after child birth
entire placenta need to be delivered or removed after birth or uterine bleeding continues

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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