module 6 reproductive system Flashcards
What are the female reproductive organs
ovaries, oviduct( fallopian tube), uterus, vagina
What is the overall function of the female reproductive organs
produce eggs and estrogen
maintain development of fetus after fertilization
Which female reproductive organ is the main one
ovaries
What is the anatomy of the ovaries
2 glands almond shaped
1 on each side of uterus below uterine tube
What is inside each ovary
ovarian follicles: hold immature egg
What is ovulation
release of mature egg approx every 28 days
What is the ovarian cycle
egg released from ovarian follicle
becomes corpus luted after ovulation: helps maintain pregnancy if egg is fertilized
What is included in the duct system in females
oviduct, uterus, vaginal canal
Describe the anatomy of the oviducts
fallopian tube: extend ovaries to uterus
3 section: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
3 coats: outer serus , middle muscular, inner mucosa
What are finibrae
finger like projections on infundibulum end of table farthest from uterus
capture egg from ovary at ovulation
What is key about ampulla
region of tube where most often fertilized egg moved into by sweep onion of finbria
nourish zygote
Which coat is responsible for nourish zygote
mucosa layer: provide fluid
What is the overview of how egg moves through female duct system
- fimbriea capture egg from ovaries - after bursting from follies and being swept into oviduct by cilia and fimbriea
- moves to ampulla: nourish zygote during early cell division, mucous layer provide fluid allow division
- muscular contract and cilia ove egg toward uterus through isthmus
- isthmus opens into uterus deliver embryo to uterine cavity when time for implantation
What is the anatomy of the uterus
hollow thick walled organ: muscle: inverted pear- connects uterine tubes and vagina, forward tilt between bladder and rectum
What are the 3 layers of the uterus
- outer serous perimetric
- myometrium: muscular- expand during pregnancy to hold growing fetus and contracts during labor to push baby
- inner endometrium: embryo complete development: shed monthly- 28 days if not pregnant
What are the 3 regions of the uterus
- fundus: upper: top of pubic bone( height) during pregnancy to provide growth rate of fetus
- body: receive ovum, come implant i endometrium to receive nourishment develop ovum-> embryo->fetus->baby
- lower: cervix: connect uterus to vagina and charge in size and texture
What happens to cervix prior to ovulation and how does it assist pregnancy
cervix swell, soften, secrete mucous- allows sperm better accessory and viability in uterus
when pregnant, mucous plug develop into cervix and prevent bacteria from getting into uterus
stays closed until fetus is full term
What is the vaginal canal in female
small opening @ cervix
elastic muscular tube lead cervix to outside of body
What are the 4 walls of the vaginal canal
inner, intermediate, muscular, outer( elastic fibers, blood vessel, lymph vessel, nerves arise here)
What is the fluid that is in vaginal surface
mucous
What is important about mucousal lining
lie in folds, can extend, important for vagina to serve as birth canal and facilitate intercourse
What are the functions of the vaginal canal
receive male penis during intercouse
provide outlet for menstural blood during menses
birth canal for baby
What is the Vulva and its 6 parts
External Genitalia
- Mons Pubis: fat pad in front of pubic symphysis covered in hair
- Vestible: surround urethral and vaginal orifaces
- Labia Majora: outer fold skin located post to mons pubis
- Labia Minora: 2nd skin fold surrounded by labia major
- Clitoris: anterior end of labia majora
- Orifices: opening for urethra and vagina inside labia minor: urethral orifice is anterior to vaginal orifice
What are the Mammary Glands
female breast tissue: contain 1-2 dozen lobules each with mammry duct
Where does mammary duct begin and function
@ nipples and divide ito numerous other ducts end in blind sac call alveoli
in non-lasting breast: duct outnumber alveoli since alveoli made up of cells produce milk
What is lactation and which hormone is needed
prolactin is needed and suppressed by estrogen and progesterone
lactation begin few days after delivery
prior to delivery: breasts produce yellow liquid: colostrum: highly concentrated with protein
What is oogenesis
production of eggs in ovaries that occur during development of fetus in womb and is complete by birth
at menopause no more egg release
female has all eggs she’ll have from birth to around 50
What is oogonia
female stem cells mitotic division: 2 primary oocytes
covered by follicles: primary
FSH secreted by pituitary gland when female reach puberty : cause follicle maturity each month
Describe the 1rst step of process of oogonia
primary oocyte in follicle undergoes first meiotic division: 2 daughter cells- secondary oocyte and first polar body- polar body produced so chromosome divide properly
What happens if secondary oocyte is united with sperm
second meiotic division occur: 2nd polar body and ovum with 23 chromosomes
ovum + sperm= egg with 46 chromosomes
How many polar bodies does the female produce in oogenesis and what happens if secondary oocyte does not meet sperm
2-3 polar bodies and 1 viable gamete( ovum)
if does not meet sperm it dies and sheds with menses
What happens around ovulation that is necessary for pregnancy
anterior pituitary secrete LH: cause follicle to become corpus luteum
What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce
estrogen: produced off eggs and menstrual cycle
secondary sex characteristic: not involved in reproductive- enlarged breast, wide pelvis, fat deposit in breast, hip and butt
Progesterone: necessary maintenance of pregnancy
What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle
- menstrual: begin day 1- all but innermost layer of endometrium is shed: last until day 5
- Proliferative: accrue day 6-14: endometrium rebuild in response to increased estrogen: ovulation occurs day 14
- Secretory: day 15-28: corpus luteum secrete progesterone cause increase blood supply in uteruss and secretion of nutrients: prepare for implant
if no fertilization : corpus luted die and endometrium blood supply decrease because of decreased progesterne
What is menstrual flow
tissue from endometrium and blood flow from uterus to vagina to exit via vaginal canal
What are the organs of the male reproductive system
testes, epididymis, vas deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis
What are the male gonads
paired testes: suspend in fascia sac of scrotum
What is function of testes
sperm and testosterone production
what is testosterone
hormone produced by interstitial cells
What are the main reproductive organs for male
testes and penis
what does each testes have and what is produced
each testes has lobules which have seminiferous tubules produce sperm
Where does sperm travel after production
to epidiymous to mature and then be expelled
What is sterility
inability to produce gametes: occur if testes do not descent into scrotum
occur because sperm production need environment cooler than body temp
What is the duct system in the male reproductive system
contains accessory organs: epididymus, vas deferen, urethra
provides a place for sperm to mature
Where do sperm mature, how long and where do they go
in epidyimus: tightly coiled tubes start at superior end of testes and travel inferiorly along posterior lateral sides of testes
maturation= 20 days
after propelled to vas deferens
Where is the vas deferen
is in spermatic cord held by spermatic fascia
How does sperm travel through vas deferen
inside spermatic cord superior through inguinal canal
after enter abdominal wall and turn to posterior over bladder
descend inferiorly to base of prostate gland and connect with duct of seminal vesicle: forms ejaculatory duct
ejacultory duct connect urethra to provide way for sperm to leave body
Where is inguinal canal located
location in anterior abdominal wall for spermatic cord to enter
What is Vasectomy
performed for permanent sterility
vas deferen is cut, tied and prevent sperm exit body
does not affect testosterone production
What is the urethra in males
carry urine from bladder through penis
part of both reproductive and urinary systems
only one can function at a time
What are the 3 regions of the urethra
- prostatic: surround by prostate gland
- membranous: begin @ end of prostatic urethra travel to penis
- spongy: run through penis and open to outside @ external orifice
What are the external genitalia of the male
penis and scrotum
What is the anatomy of the penis
cylindrical organ hang in front of scrotum
spongy erectile tissue contain blood spaces extend through shaft of penis
Shaft: L+R corpus cavernosum, 1 corpus spongiosum
Glans: enlarged tip at birth has foreskin
What is arousal and erection
increased blood flow for arousal
erection :space with blood= hard penis: function to be inserted into vagina: given semen to women
What is the anatomy of the scrotum
pouch of skin, hold testes outside of body, posterior to penis, held by spermatic fascia
skin adjust to outside temp: contract when outside temp is cold so sperm stay warm from body heat and expand when warm to keep sperm away from body heat
What is semen
thick, white fluid: contain sperm and accessory gland
contain: fructose( fuel), prostaglandin( movement), relaxin( motility enhance), alkaline pH(protect), antibiotic)
What are the seminal vesicles
lie at base of bladder and join vas deferen to form ejactuatory duct, enter urethra,
secrete semen
paired organ
What is the prostate gland
secretes milky alkaline fluid: increases motility of sperm
in older men may enlarge and constrict urethra making urination slow and difficult
What is bulbourethral glands
slightly below prostate, either side of urethra
secrete alkaline fluid
secrete 1 during ejaculation
fluid clears neutralize acidity of any urine in urethra( acidity will kill sperm)
What is spermatogenesis
production of sperm
How long does spermatogenesis take to complete and when does it start happening
takes 64-72 to complete
begins at puberty
What is the sperm formation process
- from spermatogonia in seminiferous tubule in teste: stem cells go through meiotic division
- once male enter puberty, anterior pituitary secrete FSH
- once FSH secreted spermatogonia goes meiotic division: 1 continue stem cell-> 2nd become primary spermatocyte
- Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis: produces 4 gametes each with 23 chromosomes and become spermatids: all 4 viable
- spermatid undergo spermiogensis: surplus cytoplasm stripped away from mature sperm
What are the 3 parts of mature sperm
- Head: nucleus contain DNA w/crown->acrosome break down membrane egg to allow sperm to attach
- mid piece: numerous mitochondria generate locomotive energy: swim through female
- tail: flagellum, used to propel sperm through female reproductive tract
Which is the primary hormone produced in male reproductive
testosterone
when does testosterone production begin
at puberty
anterior pituitary secrete LH and FSH
stimulates hair growth
stimulate sex characteristic: broad shoulder, lowered voice, increased muscles and bone, increased hair
What are human sex cells called
gametes
egg( oocyte), sperm( spermatocyte)
what is copulation
sexual union to create sperm in female
what is meant by offspring
half gene from each parent
how many chromosomes due human cells have
46: diploid
undergo mitosis during cell division:
How many chromosomes does a haploid cell have
haploid: contain 23 chromosomes instead of 46
What are the 2 ways that sex stem cells divide
mitotic division: produce 2 new cell have whole set of chromosome
meiosis: only in reproductive cells
what is a zygote
when sperm and egg meet and fertilize egg:
continues mitosis: develop baby
Which chromosomes do men and women have
men have X, Y
women have X, X
sex of baby determined by male
How does pregnancy begin
fertilization of egg by sperm to form zygote
copopulation must occur one day after ovulation or as early as 2 day prior as sperm viable 3-5 days
Where does fertilization happen
oviduct
where does zygote travel and what happens physiologically after fertilization
metotic division as travel to oviduct: forms morula- few more days of mitosis to form blastocyte
endometrium fill with blood to support blastocyte secrete glycogen
corpus luted release progesterone
Which hormone signals a + pregnancy test
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
describe implantation
blastocyst implants in uterus day 7
cells develop into 3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
other cells form for support: amnion, placenta, umbilical cord
what is function of amnion, placenta and umbilical cord cells
amniotic sac, placenta carry out nutrition and respiration and excretory, umbilical cord attach embryo to placenta
What do the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm cells form
ectoderm: skin and nervous tissue
mesoderm: CV, RBC, muscle
endoderm: thyroid, liver, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, lining of GI, respiratory
How many trimesters in fetal development
First: 1-3 month:
Second: 4-6
Third: 6-9
What happens in first trimester
nervous and cardiovascular development, head formed,
heart beat at week 3, heard at week 6
week 5 neurulation occur
what is neurulation
formation neural tube from ectoderm
Describe the neurulation process
lateral sides of ectoderm converge together form epidermis
neural fold form below epidermWhis create neural crest
neural plate become neural groove then neural tube when convergence is complete
anterior portion= brain
rest= brain stem and spinal cord
what happens if neural tube does not close
spina bifida
very level sensor/motor disability
pregnant mom take folic acid prevent neural tube defect
At what week is embryo considered a fetus
week 8
what happens at week 13
movable joints, fingers and toes
What happens in second trimester
eyes, ears, nose in correct position, head and body correct
16th week eyes detect light/dark, fingerprint develop
18-21 week mom feels movement
lanugo( fetal hair) Development on body to keep warm
develop sleep/wake cycle, HR normal patter
What happens in third trimester
in males testes descent into scrotum
baby increase in wt, develop fat under skin
wk 32: sucking reflex
typical baby is 19-22 inch; 6-10 pounds
What are 2 developmental milestones for the baby in trimester 3
lung mature
temperature self regulate
What are the 3 stages of labor and delivery
- dilation of cervix to 10 cm
- delivery of baby
- delivery placenta
What happens in 1rst stage of labor
uterus contract, push baby head agains cervix, cause dilate
longest phase: 6-10 hours
oxytocin: hormone: released from posterior pituitary gland to stimulate contraction in myometrium- continually released until baby is born
What happens in 2nd stage of labor
baby pushed out birth canal after full dilation
mother uses abdominals to push baby through cervix, out vagina
shorter: 50 minutes for 1rst delivery and 20 for following
umbilical cord is cut and tied
typically born head first: if different is breech
When is a C-section performed
complications arise
baby delivered through surgical incision in abdominal and uterine wall
What happens in third stage of labor
placenta pushed out birth canal
considered after birth
occur within 15 minutes after child birth
entire placenta need to be delivered or removed after birth or uterine bleeding continues
