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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > module 3 vision and eye > Flashcards

module 3 vision and eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 special senses

A

touch vision, smell, taste, hearing and balance( equilibrium

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2
Q

What makes the special sense “special”

A

have specialized organs contain receptor cells that are carried by somatic and visceral afferent tracts

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3
Q

What is special about the touch sense

A

somatic: no specialized sense organ
uses general receptor composed of modified dendrite of sensory neuron
includes: pressure, vibration, pain and heat

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4
Q

What is the eye

A

organ responsible for sight

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye

A

outer
middle
inner

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6
Q

What does outer eye include

A

posterior: sclera- white of eye
anterior: cornea- transparent- light enters
outer layer is fibrous

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7
Q

What fills the space between the cornea and lens

A

aqueous humor

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8
Q

What does middle layer of eye include

A

posterior: choroid
Anterior: ciliary body
Anterior to ciliary body: Iris
In Iris: Pupil

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9
Q

What is notable about choroid

A

dark colored, prevents light from dispersing throughout the eye
highly vascular and supplies blood to other layers of the eye

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10
Q

What is notable about ciliary body

A

changes shape of lens allows lens to focus

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11
Q

What is notable about iris

A

contains circular colored portion of the ye
controls amount of light entering pupil
uses muscle fiber to contract or dilate pupil based on light in environment

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12
Q

Where is pupil found

A

hold in center of iris

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13
Q

What does the inner eye include

A

sensory layer

Retina

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14
Q

What does retina contain

A

contains 2 photoreceptor cells sensitive to light

Rods and cones

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15
Q

Describe the rods of the retina

A

more numerous amount of cells
stimulated in dim light
more sensitive to light but do not generate sharp or color images

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16
Q

Describe cones of retina

A

operate in bright light helping to generate sharp color images
less numerous than rods

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17
Q

Where is Lens located

A

located posterior to iris and pupil

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18
Q

What is vitreous body

A

found interior of the eye
posterior to lens
chamber filled with fluid
helps hold retina firmly to choroid

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19
Q

Describe the vision pathway

A
  1. )light passes through cornea, aqueous humor lens and vitreous humor to the posterior surface of eye on retina
  2. ) photoreceptors in retina send a signal through optic nerve on optic chiasm
  3. ) medial fibers of optic nerve cross to other side when they reach optic chasm where optic tract are formed
  4. ) optic tract terminate in thalamus in lateral geniculate nucleus( LGN)
  5. ) information continues from thalamus through optic radiations to primary visual area of occipital lobe
  6. ) once in occipital lobe incoming sensory info interpreted as vision
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20
Q

Where does each eye receive information from

A

Left and Right sides of the body

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21
Q

What is the nasal visual field

A

field closes to the nose

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22
Q

What is peripheral field of vision

A

lateral side of each eye

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23
Q

What is the Binocular visual field

A

overlapping info in nasal fields allow for 3-D vision

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24
Q

what is the L bilateral vision field

A

sensory information for L side of body
eventually interpreted on R side of brain
medial fibers are only ones that cross at optic chiasm

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25
Q

What is R bilateral vision field

A

sensory information for R side of body
eventually interpreted on L side of brain
medial fibers are only ones that cross at optic chiasm

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26
Q

How does L side brain receive information

A

received from bilateral R visual field

receives info from medial side of L eye and lateral side of R eye

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27
Q

How does R side of brain receive information

A

received from L bilateral visual field

receive info from medial side of R eye and lateral side of L eye

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28
Q

Eye movements are controlled by which 6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, lateral rectus

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29
Q

What does medial rectus do

A

turns eye medially

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30
Q

what does inferior rectus do

A

turns eye medially and depresses the eye

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31
Q

what does superior rectus do

A

move eye medially and raises the eye

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32
Q

what does inferior oblique muscle do

A

controls eye elevation, lateral movements and external rotation

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33
Q

Which nerve innervates medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus and inferior oblique

A

CN III- oculomotor

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34
Q

what is function of superior oblique muscle and which nerve is it innervated by

A

eye depression, internal rotation, lateral movement

CN IV- trochlear

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35
Q

What is function of lateral rectus and which nerve is it innervated by

A

abducts the eye

CN VI- abducen

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36
Q

How do visual impairments occur

A

from damage to any part of vision pathway

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37
Q

What are cataracts

A

lenses slowly harden and get cloudy over time

make vision look blurry as light is unable to enter lens clearly to be refracted onto retina

38
Q

What are other sources of injury that cause eye impairments

A

damage inside the brain- CVA, tumors etc

39
Q

Can cranial nerves be damaged

A

yes
example: CN VI- abducen
if damaged would cause diplopia

40
Q

what is diplopia

A

double vision

41
Q

What is a test for CN VI damage

A

have patient look L and R while keeping head still
If lateral rectus does not receive signal from abdomen eye won’t rotate laterally when look to same side
Affected eye deviates medially when looking forward- will see imbalance in muscle tone in medial and lateral recti

42
Q

What is the primary auditory sense organ for hearing

A

organ of corti

43
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear

A

external, middle, inner

44
Q

What makes up the external ear

A

auricle and external acoustic canal

45
Q

Describe the auricle

A

shaped to funnel sound waves into external acoustic canal so sound is detected
part of ear seen externally
composed of cartilage with thin skin make rim and lobules

46
Q

What is helix

A

rim of external ear

47
Q

do lobules have cartilage

A

no

48
Q

Describe external acoustic meatus( canal)

A

tunnel between auricle and tympanic membrane
composed of elastic cartilage near auricle and become a cylinder through temporal bone
canal lined with skin contains hair and glands secrete cerumen
inner end of canal terminate at tympanic membrane
thin connective tissue membrane vibration transmit sound to middle ear

49
Q

what is cerumen

A

ear wax

traps foreign particles from entering external acoustic meatus

50
Q

Describe middle ear

A

tympanic cavity

air filled chamber containing 3 smallest bones in the body

51
Q

what are the 3 bones in the middle ear

A

malleus- hammer
incus- evil
stapes-stirrup

52
Q

How do the 3 bones in middle ear function for sound

A

malleus receive information( vibrates) from eardrum
transfers along through the incus
then stapes which sends to inner ear

53
Q

Describe the inner ear

A

bony and membranous labyrinth filled with fluid

Labyrinth divided into 3 sections: vestibule, semicircular canal, cochlea

54
Q

Describe the vestibule structure and function

A

connects to 3 semi-circular canal

houses receptors to provide body vestibular( balance and equilibrium)

55
Q

Describe the semicircular canals

A

filled with fluid
each canal has receptors which cause action potential in response to stimuli( motion)
action potential set through vestibular portion of CN VIII
contributes to body vestibular sense: balance and ability to stay upright

56
Q

Describe structure and function of cochlea

A

spiny bone chamber
contains endolymph filled with cochlear duct
houses organ of corti and ends at cochlear nerve

57
Q

Which other CN is found in inner ear

A

CN VII- facial

innervates stapedius muscle

58
Q

Describe structure and function of stapedius muscle

A

attaches to stapes

controls amount of tension on the bone allow for increase or decrease of vibration to control intensity of sound

59
Q

What is structure and function of organ of corti

A

serves as organ auditory system
contains tectorial membrane and tiny hairs called sterocilia
as fluid in cochlearduct receives vibrations, tectorial membrane moves and bends attached steriocilia
mechanical movement indicates action potential in neuron transmitted through cochlear portion of CN VIII

60
Q

Describe the process of hearing

A
  1. ) sound wave funneled into external auditory canal causing eardrum to vibrate
  2. ) vibrations transmit to ossicle-> push against fluid in cochlear duct
  3. ) movement of fluid-> cause movement of steriocilia in organ of corti
  4. ) movement of steriocilia stimulate neuron to send impulse through cochlear nerve to primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe
  5. ) auditory pathway unique sensory pathway as ascending path cross in addition to send signal to same side of brain
    6) results-> sound from each each are = interpreted on L and R side of the brain
61
Q

Define deafness

A

damage to auditory pathway results in hearing loss

can be partial or total loss

62
Q

What is conduction deafness

A

damage to outer or middle ear structures

not considered complete deafness as sound waves can be conducted through cranial bones to move organ of corti

63
Q

What are examples of conduction deafness

A

cerumen partially block sound waves from entering external acoustic meatus
ossicle bones fused-> decreased amount vibration transmitted to inner ear

64
Q

What is nerve deafness

A

damage to nerve pathway
damages occur to receptor cells or to cochlear nerve
can be partial or complete in one or both ear depending on amount of damage to nerve pathway

65
Q

Define olfaction

A

ability to smell

an is one of special chemical senses

66
Q

How are olfactory senses activated

A

by air borne chemicals dissolved in fluid on surface of nasal mucous membrane

67
Q

Which CN is associated with smell and where are receptors found

A

CN 1

bipolar receptor cells found in olfactory epithelium on roof of nasal cavity

68
Q

Describe the process for smell

A
  1. ) CN 1 travels through ethmoid bone in cribiform plate
  2. ) Dendrites extend from cell body to surface of epithelium and terminates in olfactory bulb
  3. ) In olfactory bulb-> CN 1 axon synapse with other cell body of olfactory pathway
  4. ) axons travel together to form olfactory tract-> carry info to temporal lobe
  5. ) after getting too temporal lobe is interpreted as smell
69
Q

What are the olfactory bulbs

A

masses of grey matter

70
Q

What is smell composed of

A

combination of limited # of primary odor detectable by brain

isolated into 7 primary odors

71
Q

What are the 7 primary odors

A 
floral
ethereal- (dry cleaning fluid)
camphorate- (moth ball)
musky( perfume)
peppermint (mint gum)
pungent( vinegar)
Putrid ( rotten egg)
72
Q

What is the gustatory system

A

responsible for taste

73
Q

Define taste

A

chemical sense as receptor activated by chemical dissolved in saliva

74
Q

Where are taste receptors found

A

mostly on tongue but also through mouth and throat

75
Q

What is the function of the tongue

A

responsible for gripping food and reposition in between teeth forming bolus
tongue pushes bolus back to phalanx to being process of swalling

76
Q

What is apex of tongue

A

anterior portion

77
Q

what is root of tongue

A

located attached to floor of posterior surface of mouth

78
Q

Where is frenulum

A

located on inferior surface of the tongue along midline

79
Q

What are papillae

A

raised bumps on tongue

3 types

80
Q

What are the 3 types of papille

A

circumvallate
fungiform
filiform

81
Q

How are taste buds formed

A

chemical receptors stimulated by composition of food- formed from gustatory cells and supporting cells

82
Q

What are gustatory cells

A

chemoreceptor cell inside taste bud- terminates in gustatory hair, project saliva to detect chemicals

83
Q

What are supporting cells for taste bud

A

form bulk of tastebud, separate receptor cell from each other

84
Q

What are basal cells for taste bud

A

stem cells

divide and become new support cell the gustatory

85
Q

What are the 2 receptors for the mouth

A

nociceptor- pain
thermoreceptor-temp
contribute to taste experience
temp and spice impact taste perception

86
Q

What is the taste pathway

A
  1. ) food contacts gustatory hairs, generate action potential in dendrites wrapped around gustatory cells
  2. ) nerve signal carried by afferent fiber through CN VII and CN IX- facial and glossopharyngeal
  3. ) transmits signal to thalamus then to parent for interpretation
87
Q

Where does CN VII carry information to

A

facial: 2/3 of anterior of tongue

88
Q

Where does CN IX carry information to

A

glossopharyngeal information posterior 1/3 tongue

89
Q

What are the 5 primary taste

A 
sweet- produced sugar and amino acid
salty- metals especially NaCL
sours- acids like aseptic acid( vinegar)
bitter- drugs like aspirin
savory- due to amino acids found in food like fish, ripe tomato, aged cheese and soy sauce
90
Q

What is anosmia

A

loss of smell
common after TBI
can be temporary or permanent
Can also happen gradually- brain tumor block olfactory pathway

91
Q

What is ageusia

A

loss of taste
stimulation of olfactory receptors have great impact on sensation of taste
when olfactory receptor is block by nasal congestion
sense of taste is dulled or completely lost
TBI/ brain time can cause this if pathway is damaged

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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