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Physiology Exam 1 > Nervous System 7 > Flashcards

Nervous System 7 Flashcards

1
Q

________ are on free nerve endings & commonly found in the skin. Also in hypothalamus, spinal cord, & deep tissues.

A

Thermal Receptors (thermoreceptors)

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2
Q

There are _____ times as many cool receptors at any skin

A

3-10

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3
Q

____ signals are transmitted by C and A delta fibers

A

Warm signals

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4
Q

____ signals are transmitted by A delta and C fibers

A

Cool signals

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5
Q

Which signals use more A delta fibers?

A

Cold signals

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6
Q

_______ channels have been identified, each sensitive to a different temperature range. Some chemicals (Capsaicin, Menthol) elicit thermal sensations, too.

A

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP)

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7
Q

Temperature increases the rate of intracellular chemical reactions > 2 times per ____ degrees Celsius change

A

10 degrees

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8
Q

Tickling, Pricking, Aching, Burning, Numbing are considered ____ pain

A

COLD PAIN:

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9
Q

Sharp, Pricking, Stinging, Burning, Throbbing are considered ____ pain

A

HOT PAIN:

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10
Q

IS the adaptation of thermoreceptors phasic or tonic?

A

Phasic

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11
Q

T/F: If the temp reaches one of the pain thresholds, the sensation becomes. more persistent throughout the stimulus

A

True

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12
Q

Warm and Cool receptors are best able to detect a change at the _____ range of their temperature sensitivity (that is where they are most sensitive)

A

mid-range

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13
Q

T/F: If nociceptors are simultaneously activated, the system is even better able to discern small changes in temperature

A

True

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14
Q

As temperature increases (or decreases) within a range of a thermoreceptor’s sensitivity, _____ (more or less) receptors are activated, based on their varying thresholds

A

more and more

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15
Q

The greater the area of skin affected by a thermal stimulus, the ______ the number of receptors, receptive fields, and first order neurons activated and thus the _____ the perceived sensation.

A

greater

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16
Q

There is a much _____ ability for detection of a temperature stimulus if a large region is activated.

A

greater

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17
Q

Receptors in the oral cavity are primarily sensitive to _____ but certain ones are sensitive to chemicals

A

Temp

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18
Q

____ receptor subtype: 1.TRPV1 Receptor 2.Activated by capsaicin, temperature >43°C, and protons3.Decreases the threshold of channel activation so that heat is perceived at 33°C.

A

Vanilloid Receptor Subtype

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19
Q

______ receptor subtype: 1.Menthol and related compounds2.Decreases the threshold of the channels so that warmer compounds are perceived as cold.

A

Cold-Menthol Receptor Type I (CMR1/TRPM8)

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20
Q

Small receptive fields _____ acuity

A

increase

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21
Q

Are there more cool or warm receptors in the oral cavity

A

Cool

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22
Q

Which sensation is better at accurately detecting thermal increments?

A

Warm

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23
Q

Thermoreceptors in ____ are the most sensitive to changes in temperature.

A

tongue

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24
Q

Due to activation of nociceptors. This usually results in the perception of PAIN, an unpleasant & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

A

NOCICEPTION

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25
Q

T/F: All nociception produces pain, though not all pain results from nociception.

A

True

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26
Q

_____ whatever its cause, is never benign. ____ is the most common reason patients seek healthcare AND the most common symptom of disease.

A

PAIN

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27
Q

T/F: Pain is polymodal and can be evoked by any stiumuli

A

True

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28
Q

____ pain: Physiologic Pain; <6 months duration

A

ACUTE

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29
Q

____ is a form of acute pain From skin, subcutanous tissues or mucus membranes (Superficial) or muscles, tendons, joints or bones (Deep).

A

Somatic:

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30
Q

____ is a form of acute pain Due to a disease process or abnormal function involving an internal organ (Visceral) or its covering (Parietal).

A

Visceral:

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31
Q

____ somatic pain is localized, sharp, pricking and burning

A

Superficial Somatic:

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32
Q

_____ somatic pain is dull, aching, diffuse and can be referred

A

Deep Somatic:

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33
Q

____ visceral pain is dull, diffuse, poorly localized and associated with nausea and autonomic symptoms.

A

True Visceral:

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34
Q

____ visceral pain is sharp, stabbing and better localized than true pain.

A

Parietal Visceral

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35
Q

_____ pain happens when two nociceptive afferent neurons—from different regions of the body—converge on the same second order neuron. The brain doesn’t know which is the true source of input and may make a mistake in interpretation.

A

Referred pain

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36
Q

____ pain Pathologic Pain; occurs beyond the usual course of an acute disease or after a reasonable time for healing to occur

A

CHRONIC

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37
Q

Due to activation of nociceptors

A

Nociceptive

38
Q

Due to neuronal injury•Pain is paroxysmal, sharp and stabbing•Pain is associated with Hyperalgesia

A

Neuropathic:

39
Q

(increased sensitivity to pain)

A

Hyperalgesia

40
Q

____ receptors are usually found on free nerve endings and are sensitive to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

A

Nociceptors

41
Q

Chemicals known to _____ nociceptors: Substance P, ATP, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), glutamate, aspartate, Bradykinin, potassium, Histamine, serotonin

A

excite

42
Q

Chemicals known to _____ nociceptors: Substance P,Prostaglandins, Histamine, Bradykinin

A

sensitize

43
Q

Chemicals known to _____ nociceptors: Enkephalins, β Endorphin, Cannabinoids

A

inhibit

44
Q

Minimal adaptation and a nociceptors activity actually _____ if the painful stimuli continues (hyperalgesia) due to nociceptor sensitization.

A

INCREASES

45
Q

(painful sensation to a innocuous stimulus)

A

Allodyina

46
Q

Summation of nociception is _____ (based on # of receptors activated).

A

spatial

47
Q

Stimulation of nociceptors also leads to antidromal (reverse) activation of nociceptive nerve terminals and release of substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide. Release of these peptides causes mast cell degranulation, vasodilation and edema, and further sensitization and activation of nociceptors

A

Neurologic inflammation

48
Q

The _____ includes red flush (flare), local tissue edema, and sensitization to noxious stimuli

A

Triple response

49
Q

____ fibers transmit pain in CNS that is small and myelinated; neurotransmitter includes glutamate; sharp localized pain; thermal and mechanical stimuli

A

A-delta fibers

50
Q

____ fibers transmit pain in CNS are unmyelinated; neurotransmitter includes substance P; dull diffuse pain; thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli

A

C fibers

51
Q

Which major pathway is the main pain pathway?

A

Spinothalamic

52
Q

____ pathway is the spinothalamic division: Mostly A delta fibers. Provideslocation, intensity, & duration information.

A

Neospinothalmic:

53
Q

____ pathway is the spinothalamic division: Mostly C fibers. Some of these fibers synapse with brainstem structures (Reticular Formation, Periaqueductal Gray Region, Limbic System, Hypothalamus) and also with diffuse areas of the cortex for poorly localized sense of pain.

A

Paleospinothalamic:

54
Q

____ pathway is an alternate pathway: Mediates arousal & autonomic responses

A

Spinoreticular pathway.

55
Q

____ pathway is an alternate pathway: Activates anti-nociceptive, descending pathways

A

Spinomesencephalic pathway.

56
Q

____ pathway is an alternate pathway: Activates the hypothalamus

A

Spinohypothalamic pathway

57
Q

What are the 2 types of neurons that the second order neuron in the Neospinothalmic and Paleospinothalamic tracts can be?

A

Nociceptive neurons or wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons

58
Q

_____ neurons receive noxious only noxious stimuli

A

Nociceptive-specific neurons

59
Q

_____ neurons also recieve non-noxious afferent input from A-beta, A-delta, and c fibers

A

wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons

60
Q

_____ neurons are found in Lamina 5 and During repeated stimulation, These neurons characteristically increase their firing rate exponentially (wind-up), even with the same stimulus intensity. They have larger receptive fields than nociceptive-specific neurons; responsible for analgesia and allodynia

A

wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons

61
Q

____ neurons cross over in spinal cord; Found in lamina I and have discrete, somatic receptive fields; they are normally silent and respond only to high-threshold noxious stimulation, poorly encoding stimulus intensity.

A

Nociceptive specific neuron

62
Q

____ neurons are found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. They respond to all somatosensory modalities. Normally only sensitive to non-noxious stimuli UNLESS the stimulus is highly noxious.

A

Wide-Dynamic Range (WDR) Neurons

63
Q

_____ of pain enhances pain signaling

A

Facilitation of pain

64
Q

Perception of a non-noxious stimulus as pain

A

Allodynia

65
Q

In the __________, The A-β fibers activate an inhibitory interneuron that causes post-synaptic inhibition of the Second-order neuron for the Pain Pathway. This inhibition leads to a weaker pain signal being sent to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. (mechanoreceptors)

A

Gate Control Theory of Pain

66
Q

In ______, Stimulate pain in other regions of the body to inhibit pain; also called Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) or Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM))

A

Pain inhibits pain

67
Q

In _____, A second noxious stimulus, leads to activation of the PAG, NRM and RVM in the brainstem, which results in diffuse analgesic effect over the rest of the body.

A

Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM)

68
Q

What endogenous opiate in the body inhibits the first-order and second-order neurons (nociceptive specific and/or WDR neurons) in conditioned pain modulation

A

Enkephalin

69
Q

_____ is the selective suppression of pain without effects on consciousness or other sensations.

A

Analgesia

70
Q

What 3 parts of the brain are used in endogenous analgesia system?

A

PAG, NRM, and RVM

71
Q

What are the 2 tracts that conveys orofacial pain?

A

Trigeminospinothalamic and trigeminoreticular tract

72
Q

Dentin and enamel has limited space to swell in the ____ state, so results in exaggerated pain even with mild inflammation

A

inflammatory state

73
Q

Painfully noxious _____ stimulus do not cause pain in an uninflamed healthy tooth due to thermal insulating of the enamel. But, with missing enamel and exposed dentin, a slight thermal stimuli will cause sudden and stinging pain.–It is difficult to distinguish between between noxious hot or cold stimuli.

A

hot/cold stimuli

74
Q

Weak ______ to exposed dentin result in intense pain while in skin this would result in the sensation of light touch.

A

air puffs

75
Q

Stimulation of _______ by any kind of stimulus results in a painful sensation.

A

tooth pulp

76
Q

Why is there difficulty localizing tooth pain?

A

Large receptive fields

77
Q

What part of the tooth is highly innervated with sensory afferents mostly for pain?

A

Pulp

78
Q

dentin has limited innervation but is sensitive due to ______

A

dentinal tubules

79
Q

____ is a mineralized, avascular tissue; Suprasensitive to extreme temperatures, particularly at the neck of the tooth (gingival recession, wear of cementum and enamel), Sensitive to hyperosmotic solutions, and NOT sensitive to KCl, bradykinin, and histamine

A

Dentin

80
Q

Dentinal and pulp nociceptor information travels via ___ fibers and ____ fibers mainly

A

Aδ and C fibers

81
Q

The nerve fibers in tooth pulp are ~90% ____ fibers

A

C-fibers.

82
Q

Is dentinal pain sharp or dull pain?

A

Sharp

83
Q

Is pulpal pain sharp or dull pain?

A

Dull

84
Q

___ theory of dental nociception is explained by Free nerve endings in dentinal tubules are activated

A

Neural theory

85
Q

___ theory of dental nociception is explained by Odontoblasts are excited and transduce the signal to nearby nerve cells

A

Odontoblast Transducer theory

86
Q

___ theory of dental nociception is explained by Stimulus displaces fluid in dentinal tubules which activates mechanoreceptors in nerve endings of dentin or pulp.

A

Hydrodynamic theory

87
Q

T/F: Not all dental pains are due to noxious temperatures (ex. water spray, puff of air, sweet substances, etc.)

A

true

88
Q

What portion of the PDL is the most heavily innervated?

A

Apical portion

89
Q

What fibers are used in periodontal nociception information from free nerve endings to travel?

A

A delta/C fibers

90
Q

The _______ regulate the forces applied by the teeth in occlusion, mastication and biting. These receptors are slowly adapting, show directional sensitivity and their response varies with the force applied to the tooth.

A

periodontal mechanoreceptors (Ruffini endings)

Physiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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