Nervous System 6 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are the peripheral organs of gustation

A

Taste Papillae

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2
Q

Taste papillae contain _____ which are the functional units of gustation

A

Taste buds

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3
Q

Are test receptors cells are epithelial cells or neurons?

A

Epithelial cells

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4
Q

_____ are chemicals that can activate a taste receptor cell

A

Tastants

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5
Q

T/F: All tastants must dissolve in saliva

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: Individual taste receptor cells may be sensitive to a specific taste stimulus, but many taste receptor cells have receptors for multiple taste types.

A

True

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7
Q

___ is vital for normal gustation

A

Olfaction

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8
Q

What 2 taste are ion channel linked receptors?

A

Sour and salty

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9
Q

What 3 tastes are accounted for by the taste receptor genes? (TR1 and TR2) (g-protein)

A

Sweet, bitter, and umami

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10
Q

Stimulated by H+, Protective taste b.Multiple candidate receptors a.Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), H+ channels, blockade of K+ channels b.All potential mechanisms lead to depolarization of receptor cells

A

Sour taste

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11
Q

___ taste a.Lots of stimuli: sugars, glycols, alcohols, artificial sweeteners (saccharine, aspartame, sucralose)b.T1R receptor family is important. Specifically, T1R2 & T1R3 proteins make a dimer that is G-protein linked i.Broadly sensitive to sweet-tasting substances. ii.Sweet receptors are usually NOT on the same cells as bitter & umami.

A

Sweet Taste

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12
Q

____ taste a.Stimuli are usually organic: K+, denatonium, caffeine, strychnine, quinine, nicotine, broccoli, brussel sprouts b.Protective taste: highest number of receptors and lowest threshold for perception c.Multiple Receptors (50-80) in T2R family

A

Bitter Taste

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13
Q

____ salts are colorless and odorless solids that are used to prevent inappropriate ingestion

A

Denatonium salts

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14
Q

____ taste a.Stimulated mostly by Na+ and somewhat by Cl- b.Receptor: i.ENaC (Na+ channel) ii.Cl- via paracellular transport?

A

Salty.

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15
Q

___ taste Stimulus: monosodium glutamate, enhanced by ribonucleotides b.Receptor: i.Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGLuR4 receptor)

A

Umami

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16
Q

Which taste tends to have lowest threshold?

A

Bitter

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17
Q

Taste specificity is best at ____ ligand concentrations

A

low

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18
Q

Does Taste does not solely depend on combinations of the aforementioned 5 receptors?

A

No

19
Q

If a person is a supertaster, that do they have an increased amount of?

A

Fungiform papilla and taste buds

20
Q

Are supertasters more or less responsive to other tastant types than a normal taster?

A

More

21
Q

Where do taste receptors synapse?

A

First order neurons

22
Q

Where are the second order neurons for taste?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarii

23
Q

The _____ is a purely sensory nucleus in the medulla and it receives input for taste, chemoreceptors, aortic bodies, etc.

A

Nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)

24
Q

T/F: Olfactory cells are primary afferent neurons

A

True

25
Q

Olfactory Receptor cells are _____ neurons that have a short peripheral process that extends into the mucosa where it ends in an expended olfactory knob. The knob gives rise to several cilia that form a dense mat at the mucosal surface. The cilia interact with odorants in mucus

A

bipolar

26
Q

New receptor cells generated every ____ days from basal cells and they must form synapses with ____ cells in the olfactory bulb.

A

60 days; mitral cells

27
Q

_____ are globular structures in the olfactory bulbs and it is where the short axons from olfactory receptor cells terminate. Each one is the terminus for ~25,000 axons and dendrites from mitral cells.

A

Glomeruli

28
Q

Where do axons of olfactory receptor cells synapse with mitral cells?

A

Olfactory bulb

29
Q

Is AP frequency of olfactory receptor cells more or less?

A

More

30
Q

What Is the resting membrane potential of olfactory cells

A

-55mV

31
Q

Do olfactory receptor cells with one type of odorant receptor project to a single or multiple glomeruli?

A

One

32
Q

What G coupled protein receptor is used in olfaction?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

33
Q

Increased levels of _____ open sodium channels to depolarize the olfactory neuron

A

cAMP

34
Q

To be perceived, odorants must be ____, be _____, be _____, and reach _____

A

Be volatile, be partially water-soluble, be partially lipid-soluble, and reach olfactory mucosa

35
Q

How much of adaptation of olfaction is achieved in the first second?

A

50%

36
Q

____ are the special inhibitory cells in the olfactory bulb

A

Granule cells

37
Q

T/F: Different olfactory receptor proteins respond differently to the same odorants

A

True

38
Q

Information conveyed by relative amount of activity across multiple, differentially sensitive elements in an array.

A

Across-Fiber Pattern Code

39
Q

The olfactory tract enters the brain at the junction between the _____ and the _____ and divides into two pathways.

A

midbrain and the cerebrum

40
Q

The medial olfactory pathway goes to _____ and ______ for olfactory reflexes

A

hypothalamus and limbic system

41
Q

The _____ olfactory area deal with Automatic but learned control of food intake and aversion to toxic and unhealthy foods and Conscious perception and analysis of olfaction.

A

Lateral olfactory area

42
Q

___ means can’t identify taste

A

Taste agnosia

43
Q

____ means loss of taste

A

Ageusia

44
Q

____ disorders are frequently with aging; may be better predictor of Alzheimer’s;

A

Olfactory disorders