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Physiology Exam 1 > Nervous System 3 > Flashcards

Nervous System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ (part of the diencephalon) plays a key role in both pathways.

A

thalamus

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2
Q

_____ neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root and then synapse with interneurons and/or motor neurons in the gray matter.

A

Sensory neurons

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3
Q

_____ neurons exit the spinal cord via the ventral root to go to effectors.

A

Motor neurons

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4
Q

Portion of spinal cord made up of neuron cell bodies and interneurons

A

Gray matter

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5
Q

Portion of spinal cord made up of neuron axons; these are myelinated

A

White matter

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6
Q

What 2 spinal cord tracts contain ascending sensory axons?

A

Dorsal column and spinothalmic

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7
Q

What spinal cord tract contains descending motor axons?

A

Corticospinal

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8
Q

The midbrain, pons, and medulla are collectively called the _____

A

Midbrain

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9
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Occipital, frontal, pariteal, and temporal

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10
Q

Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex, Broca’s Area

A

Frontal

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11
Q

Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Primary Sensory Cortex, Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

Parietal

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12
Q

Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area

A

Temporal

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13
Q

Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Primary Visual Cortex

A

Occipital

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14
Q

_____ areas receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both the sensory and motor cortices and subcortical areas.

A

Association (Secondary) areas

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15
Q

In about 95% of people, the ____ hemisphere is the dominant/categorical hemisphere

A

left

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16
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain Contains Wernicke’s Area and Broca’s Area for most people?

A

Left

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17
Q

The ___ is the gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum. Contains neuron cell bodies.

A

cerebral cortex

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18
Q

The ______ allows for information stored in one hemisphere available to the opposite hemisphere.–Severing this would prevent somatic and visual information from the right side of the body from reaching the General Interpretive Area to be used for decision making.

A

corpus callosum

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19
Q

_______ areas Receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both the sensory and motor cortices and subcortical areas.

A

Association areas

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20
Q

_____ association area of the brain shows Decreased aggressiveness and inappropriate social responses•Ability to progress towards goals or to carry through sequential thoughts•Keep track of many pieces of information simultaneously and recall the information as needed (working memory).

A

Prefrontal Association Area (Cortex)

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21
Q

The _____ area is part of the frontal lobe and contains language centers involved in the production of speech

A

Broca’s area

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22
Q

The ____ area is part of the temporal lobe and is used for interpretation of spoken and written language

A

Wernicke’s area

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23
Q

____ are part of the CNS and assist with proper movement; Considered an accessory motor system as it functions in close association with the cerebral cortex (Frontal Lobe) and the Corticospinal Descending Motor pathway; nuclei associated with the cerebrum

A

Basal nuclei

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24
Q

Basal nuclei includes what 4 structures?

A

Caudate nucleus, Putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus

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25
Q

basal nuclei forms pathway that increases cortical excitation and promotes movement

A

direct pathway

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26
Q

basal nuclei forms pathway that inhibits cortical activity and inhibits movement

A

indirect pathway

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27
Q

Disorders of the basal nuclei cause movement disorders are called ______

A

Dyskinesias

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28
Q

______ disorders/Dyskinesias (Parkinson’s disease) are due to damage to the direct pathway.

A

Hypokinetic disorders

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29
Q

_____ disorders/Dyskinesias (Huntington disease) result from damage to the indirect pathway.

A

Hyperkinetic movement disorders

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30
Q

Sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex. Motor control pathways also synapse in the thalamus.

A

Thalamus

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31
Q

Involved in maintaining homeostasis. Impacts the autonomic, endocrine and limbic systems.

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

Contains the pineal body (secretes Melatonin) that aids in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

A

Epithalamus

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33
Q

Involved in the basal ganglia and control of voluntary movement. Damage causes hemiballismus (contralateral flinging movement of one or both extremities).

A

Subthalamus

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34
Q

Consists of cortical and diencephalic structures found on the medial aspect of each hemisphere.The neuronal circuitry involved in emotion (fear, anxiety, sadness, happiness, etc.) and memory.

A

Limbic system

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35
Q

____ is an important output of the limbic system for the expression of emotions because its efferent connections coordinate autonomic and visceral functions; results in activation of fight or flight response by the sympathetic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

________ is a central structure in mediating the fear response; lesions in this area can prevent fear.

A

amygdala

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37
Q

What part of the midbrain deals with dopamine?

A

Substantia nigra

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38
Q

The _____ causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli

A

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

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39
Q

______ of the midbrain is targeted to induce analgesia

A

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

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40
Q

The ____ is a part of a descending pathway that modulates pain transmission by inhibition of primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn.

A

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

41
Q

_____ and ______ project to the spinal cord where they release serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, to inhibit the activity of dorsal horn neurons that receive input from nociceptive afferent fibers; activated by PAG

A

Nucleus Raphe Magnus and Rostral Ventromedial Medulla

42
Q

____ is a center in the pons that regulates centers in the medulla; inhibits inspiration and increases respiration

A

Pneumotaxic center

43
Q

_____ is Involved in motor control of posture, muscle tone and learning of repeated motor functions. •Diseases result in alterations in gait, balance and coordination of motor activities; not paralysis.

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

It is the most inferior portion of brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord.

A

Medulla Oblongata

45
Q

The Nucleus Raphe Magnus release what NT onto dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals

A

Serotonin

46
Q

Rostral Ventromedial Medulla release what NT onto dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals

A

Norepinephrine

47
Q

_____ in the brainstem activates the cortex via the thalamus; Pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area; ACH is one of the NT; smell doesn’t activate this; part of brain that wakes you up

A

Reticular excitatory activating system (RAS)

48
Q

Consciousness is maintained by the normal functioning of the RAS above the mid pons and its bilateral projections to the ____ and _____

A

thalamus and cerebral hemispheres

49
Q

A _____ results from lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemispheres.

A

Coma

50
Q

_____ inhibits the activity of the reticular excitatory area.–Serotonin is one of the NT for this system; regulates RAS

A

Reticular inhibitory system

51
Q

_____ is involved in cognitive functions, especially memory.

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

In _____, Areas most severely impacted are the hippocampus and temporal lobes.•Causes degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert that project throughout the cortex. Treatment includes Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA (Glutamate receptor) antagonist.

A

Alzheimer’s

53
Q

The ____ is part of the limbic system used in memory

A

hippocampus

54
Q

______ influences a multitude of functions, including sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior, and hormone secretion.

A

Serotonin

55
Q

What part of the brain makes Ach?

A

Nucleus basalis

56
Q

What part of the brain makes serotonin?

A

Raphe nuclei

57
Q

______ is involved in dampening ascending pain (nociceptive) signals.

A

Nucleus Raphe Magnus

58
Q

The physiological processes under _____ control include reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity.

A

dopaminergic

59
Q

Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Compacta project to the Basal Nuclei; this is the pathway that degenerates in _____ Disease.

A

Parkinson’s

60
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in dopaminergic projections?

A

Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and nucleus accumbens

61
Q

Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area project to the Nucleus Accumbens and the Prefrontal Cortex. Dysfunction in this pathway is associated with _____

A

addiction

62
Q

_____ impacts all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention and arousal; awake state and alertness

A

Norepinephrine

63
Q

Where in the brain is norepinephrine made?

A

Locus coeruleus

64
Q

_____ is involved in depression

A

Norepinephrine

65
Q

UMNs from the cerebral cortex initiate and direct sequences of _____ movement (Pyramidal/Direct Pathway).

A

voluntary

66
Q

Damage to _____ causes spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body. This results in increased muscle tone, exaggeration of reflexes and pathological reflexes such as the Babinski Reflex.

A

UMN

67
Q

Damage to the _____ causes flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body. There is neither voluntary nor reflex action of the muscle fibers and tone is decreased

A

LMN

68
Q

Other UMNs originate in motor centers in the brainstem (Extrapyramidal/ Indirect Pathways) and direct _____ muscle tone, posture, balance and orientation of the head and body.

A

subconscious

69
Q

The ____ is cholinergic and releases ACH that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle.

A

LMN

70
Q

_____ cortex sets posture (ex. position shoulder and arm) at the start of planned movement . This area determines the overall motor plan

A

Premotor Cortex

71
Q

_____ cortex activates specific muscles to execute the plan; More than half of this area is devoted to controlling the muscle of the hands and muscles of speech.

A

Primary motor cortex (UMN)

72
Q

The _____ cortex is involved in organizing or planning motor sequences. Lesions of this area produce awkwardness in performing complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination

A

supplementary motor cortex

73
Q

Axons from neurons in what 2 cortexes make up corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts?

A

Supplementary and Primary Motor Cortex

74
Q

In the ___ tract Fibers originate in the Motor Cortex and the fibers descend through the internal capsule of the cerebrum.•In the Medulla Oblongata, these axons form bundles known as the pyramids. –90% of the axons decussate to the contralateral side in the medulla oblongata; distal muscles

A

lateral Corticospinal tract

75
Q

In the ___ tract Fibers originate in the Motor Cortex and the fibers descend through the internal capsule of the cerebrum.•In the Medulla Oblongata, these axons form bundles known as the pyramids; The 10% that do not decussate in the medulla and these axons from the Anterior Corticospinal Tract. These fibers decussate in the spinal cord before synapsing with the LMN; proximal muscles

A

Anterior corticospinal tract

76
Q

In the ____ tract, Fibers originate in the motor cortex and terminate on nuclei in the brainstem.•The following cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract:–Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), Trigeminal (CN V), Abducens (CN VI), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Accessory (CN XI), Vagus (X), Hypoglossal (CN XII)•Innervate LMN that control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx.

A

Corticobulbar Tract

77
Q

The _____ in the midbrain/mesencephalon receives fibers from the primary motor cortex (corticorubral tract).

A

red nucleus

78
Q

The red nucleus give rise to the _____ tract , which crosses to the opposite side of the brainstem and travels alongside the corticospinal tract into the lateral columns of the spinal cord. Functions as an accessory route for transmission of signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord. Fibers terminate on interneurons and motor neurons of the spinal cord involved in upper limb muscle tone and movement.

A

RUBROSPINAL TRACT

79
Q

The _____ tract arises from the superior and inferior colliculi (midbrain) and it regulates eye, head, neck and upper limb position in response to visual (superior colliculus) or auditory (inferior colliculus) stimuli

A

TECTOSPINAL Tract

80
Q

What portion of the midbrain deals with vision?

A

Superior colliculus

81
Q

What portion of the midbrain deals with hearing?

A

Inferior colliculus

82
Q

The Vestibular Nuclei (in Pons and Medulla Oblongata) transmit excitatory signals through the ______ tracts to control antigravity muscles (proximal limb extensors and head/neck muscles) to maintain balance and muscle tone.

A

VESTIBULOSPINAL Tracts

83
Q

_____ pathway activate axial muscle of the body (muscles of the vertebral column and extensors of the limbs). Have a high degree of background activity. Regulated by the Vestibular nuclei, cerebellar nuclei and cerebral cortex.

A

Pontine RS pathway

84
Q

______ pathway is an antagonist to the activity of the Pontine RS Pathway. The medullary reticular nuclei receive strong input from the corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract.

A

Medullary RS pathway

85
Q

Do the fibers of the reticulospinal pathway cross over?

A

No

86
Q

UMN activity is regulated by the ______ and ____ via the thalamus

A

Basal nuclei and cerebellum

87
Q

The ______ are involved in initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements and establishing a normal level of muscle tone.

A

Basal Nuclei

88
Q

____ is A Hypokinetic Disorder•Loss of Dopaminergic neurons from the Substantia Nigra that project to the Striatum, where they inhibit Cholinergic neurons. •Clinical Manifestations: Bradykinesia, Cogwheel Rigidity, Pill Rolling, Tremor, Shuffling Gate, Stooped Posture, Depression, Dementia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

89
Q

_____ is A Hyperkinetic Disorder•Autosomal Dominant Genetic Disease•Loss of GABAergic neurons, resulting in reduced inhibitory output from the Striatum. •Clinical Manifestations: Chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements), athetosis (slow writhing movements), personality changes, dementia

A

Huntington Disease

90
Q

The ______ is involved in monitoring differences between intended movements and movements actually performed. It issues commands to UMN to reduce errors in movements. It also coordinates body movements to maintain normal posture and balance.

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

_____ diseases result in alterations in gait, balance and coordination of motor activities; not paralysi

A

Cerebellar

92
Q

______: (portion of cerebellum) It sensory input from Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs via the Spinocerebellar Tracts and initiates reflex responses to adjust motor activity, as needed; Ipsilateral Unconscious Proprioception

A

Spinocerebellum

93
Q

______: This part of the cerebellum receives sensory information from the vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, otolith organs) and Superior Colliculi and Visual Cortex. It adjusts activity of Vestibular and reticular nuclei/tracts (Pontineand Medullary) to regulate position of the eyes, head, limb extensor muscles and axial muscles.

A

Vestibulocerebellum:

94
Q

(portion of cerebellum) Involved in planning, organizing and coordinating motor activity. Located in the lateral zones of the cerebellum and damage results in the inability to progress from one movement to the other with complex movements. Also involved with procedural memory. Involved with planning, organizing and coordinating motor activity via regulation of the activity of the motor cortex and red nucleus.

A

Cerebrocerebellum:

95
Q

____ (portion of cerebellum) receives input from the vestibular system and it adjusts the action of the Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways.

A

Vestibulocerebellum

96
Q

_____ tract rises from the superior colliculus (midbrain) and it causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli.

A

Tectospinal tract

97
Q

Which cerebellar tract deals with the following structures: interposed nuclei, red nucleus, thalamus, and inferior olivary nucleus

A

Spinocerebellar

98
Q

Which cerebellar tract deals with the following structures: vestibular nucleus, fastigial nucleus, reticular nucleus

A

Vestibulocerebellum

99
Q

Which cerebellar tract deals with the following structures: dentate nucleus?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

Physiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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