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Physiology Exam 1 > Nervous System 5 > Flashcards

Nervous System 5 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ Pathways into the CNS Enters the spinal cord via the posterior/dorsal roots

A

Afferent

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2
Q

_____ are Receptors and neurons in the CNS are dedicated to carrying particular sensory information.

A

Labeled Lines:

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3
Q

Which order neuron of afferent pathways always synapse in thalamus?

A

2nd order neuron

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4
Q

Which afferent pathway deals with touch, pressure, propriotion, and vibration?

A

Dorsal column

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5
Q

Which afferent pathway deals with pain and temp?

A

Spinothalamic

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6
Q

____ receptors are activated by compression/stretch; Includes receptors in skin, muscle spindles, hearing, equilibrium, arterial pressure, etc.

A

Mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

______ receptors are activated by ligands, Includes receptors for taste, smell, arterial oxygen, osmolarity, blood gas, blood glucose, etc.

A

Chemoreceptors

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8
Q

____ receptors are activated by cold/warm

A

Thermoreceptors

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9
Q

____ receptors are activated by damage/pain

A

Nociceptors

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10
Q

The particular form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive is called its ______ ; Receptors do respond to forms of energy, but the threshold for these nonspecific responses is much higher.

A

adequate stimulus

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11
Q

Activation of any sensory receptor changes membrane potential (transduction) and produces what is called a ______ (a graded potential).

A

receptor potential

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12
Q

Increases in stimulus strength will increase the _____ of receptor potentials, but this is not a direct (linear) relationship.

A

amplitude

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13
Q

The intensity (or strength) of stimulus perception is determined by what 2 things?

A

Frequency of APs (temporal summation) and Total number of receptors activated (spatial summation)

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14
Q

A Stronger stimulus intensity produces a ____ Receptor (Graded) Potential, ____ Actions Potentials (Temporal Summation) and causes _____ neurotransmitter release into the synapse.

A

Larger, More, More

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15
Q

If a stimulus of constant strength is maintained on a sensory receptor, the frequency of the action potentials in its sensory nerve declines over time.

A

Perceptual Threshold

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16
Q

_____ can occur at the receptor or in the neuron. In response to continual, high impulse sensory stimuli, the response of almost all receptors decreases, but to varying degrees.

A

Adaptation

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17
Q

Decrease in amplitude of receptor potential over time in the presence of a constant stimulus; leads to corresponding decrease in frequency of APs and decreases perception of stimulus

A

Receptor adaptation

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18
Q

Tonic receptors help differentiate stimulus ___

A

intensity

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19
Q

Phasic receptors help differentiate stimulus ____

A

Duration

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20
Q

A precise modality activates specific receptors and postsynaptic cells. This information continues on a predicted pathway such that particular kinds of information are conveyed via specific nerve fibers to specific regions of the CNS that are programmed for perception of that modality.

A

Labeled Line Principle

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21
Q

______ correlates the anatomical regions of the CNS with where interpretation and awareness of sensations are perceived.

A

Homunculus

22
Q

Region where a single fiber’s afferent receptors (primarily on dendrites) are located.

A

Receptive Field:

23
Q

OVerlap of adjacent neurons _____ localization ability

A

Improves

24
Q

____ is the precision with which a stimulus is perceived

A

Acuity

25
Q

Improves discrimination ;Sensory stimulation of a single point on the skin can elicit excitation in one tract of post-synaptic cells while simultaneously inhibiting lateral neurons; occurs throughout the CNS and is advantageous since it diminishes lateral spread of an excitatory signal and increases degree of contrasts in the sensory pattern perceived in the cortex. This inhibition occurs at each synapse: (1) medulla, (2) thalamus and (3) cerebral cortex

A

Lateral inhibition

26
Q

Which sensation do you perceive first vibration or touch?

A

Vibration

27
Q

____ receptors include TACTILE and POSITION sensations that are stimulated by mechanical displacement of some tissues in the body.

A

Mechanoreceptors

28
Q

_____ mechanoreceptors Touch sensations from stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin or tissues beneath the skin; Pressure sensations from deformation of deeper tissues; Vibration sensations from rapidly repetitive sensory signals.

A

Tactile

29
Q

_____ mechanoreceptors Static position sense is conscious perception of orientation of different parts of the body with respect to one another; Rate of movement sense is also called kinesthesia or dynamic proprioception.

A

Position

30
Q

_____ receptors are sensitive to pressure, touch, and vibration so mechanical stimuli are responsible for their activation.

A

Mechanoreceptors

31
Q

Detect touch & pressure (temp. & pain)b.In skin, cornea, dental pulp, GI tract; Slow adaptation/ Tonic

A

Free Nerve Endings

32
Q

Which mechanoreceptors Detect deep pressure, vibrationb.In subcutaneous tissue, viscera, jointsc.Rapid adaptation/Phasic

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

33
Q

Higher frequency vibration is sensed by which mechanoreceptors?

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

34
Q

Lower frequency vibration is sensed by which mechanoreceptors?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

35
Q

Which ascending spinal pathway detects vibration?

A

Dorsal column

36
Q

Which mechanoreceptors Detect light touch, pressure, vibration; Localization; Found on glabrous skin; Rapid adaptation/Phasic

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

37
Q

Which mechanoreceptors Localize continuous pressure and sensing an object’s texture; All skin; Slow adaptation/Tonic

A

Merkel’s Disks

38
Q

Which mechanoreceptors are Sensitive to stretch or indentation; proprioceptionb.Deep layers of skin, joints, surrounding tooth roots; Slow adaptation/Tonic

A

Ruffini’s Endings

39
Q

Which mechanoreceptors Hair Movement b.Base of hair follicle c.Rapid Adaptation/Phasic

A

Hair End-Organ

40
Q

The _____ is an ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons that cross over in the medulla. in the dorsal pathway

A

medial lemniscus

41
Q

The The second order neuron crosses over in the _____ and synapses w/ 3rd order in _______

A

medulla oblongata; thalamus

42
Q

What size nerve fibers are associated w dorsal column pathway?

A

A beta fibers

43
Q

The ___ pathway deals with touch, pressure, and vibration

A

Dorsal column pathway

44
Q

The ____ pathways senses Pain, Thermoreceptors, Crude Tactile, Tickle, Itch and Sexual Sensations

A

Spinothalamic

45
Q

What size nerve fibers are involved in the spinothalamic pathways?

A

A delta and C fibers

46
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron decussate in spinothalamic pathway?

A

Spinal cord

47
Q

With a UNILATERAL lesion of the spinal cord, one would expect to lose _____ lateral touch/pressure & _____ lateral pain/temperature sensations below the injury level.

A

Ipsilateral; contralateral

48
Q

Receptors for ____ include photoreceptors, touch and pressure receptors in skin, joints, and ligaments, skeletal muscle receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs), and vestibular receptors; used for awareness of body’s position in space

A

Proprioception

49
Q

______ mechanoreceptors areMostly complex Ruffini-like receptors; also free nerve endings. Axons are large & myelinated. 3.Adaptation is both slow and fast Location of receptors allow them to respond to any forces applied to the crown of the teeth (when biting and chewing)

A

Periodontal

50
Q

Brisk tap on tooth ____ jaw closing muscles (ex. jaw opens to prevent damage)

A

inhibits

51
Q

Weak tap on tooth ____ jaw closing muscles (ex. to hold onto food and adjust chewing force)

A

activates

Physiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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