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Physiology Exam 1 > Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Involves neurotransmitters (NT) that are released from the presynaptic cell and bind receptors to excite, inhibit, or modify post-synaptic cell.•>100 NT have been identified. •One-way conduction

A

Chemical synapses

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2
Q

Is it the receptor or the NT that determines the function?

A

Receptor

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3
Q

The ______ receptor subtypes are the largest known neurotransmitter-receptor family

A

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)/Serotonin

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4
Q

_____ synapses terminate on neuronal cell bodies and tend to be inhibitory.

A

Axosomatic synapses

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5
Q

_____ synapses terminate on dendrites or dendritic spines and tend to be excitatory.

A

Axodendritic synapses

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6
Q

_____ synapses terminate on an axon, often close to synaptic terminals, and modulate the release of neurotransmitters.

A

Axoaxonal synapses

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7
Q

The amount of ____ that enters dictates the amount of NT released

A

Ca

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8
Q

Which synapse moderate the amount of Ca coming into the cell?

A

Axoaxonal synapse

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9
Q

There is Synaptic delay of at least _____ between the pre-synaptic depolarization and post-synaptic response Due to time for calcium entry for exocytosis, presynaptic neurotransmitter release, diffusion in the synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic receptor activation

A

0.5ms

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10
Q

_____ Allows one to gauge the complexity of a reflex pathway (number of synapses) by looking at the speed of the reflex.

A

Synaptic delay

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11
Q

_____ NTs are rapidly-acting –Elicit acute responses. –Final processing occurs in the axon terminal. Vesicles are docked & ready for release from presynaptic terminal. –Ex: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Glycine, GABA, Glutamate, Nitric Oxide (NO).

A

Small molecules,

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12
Q

_____ NTs are larger molecules, slower–Effects are slower, more potent, & more prolonged.–Produced in the cell body and transported down the axon via axonal streaming. –Fewer neuropeptides produced and released–Ex: LH, ACTH, GH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotensin II, substance P

A

Neuropeptides

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13
Q

_______ is terminated by: •Re-uptake by the pre-synaptic membrane (6), •Absorption by glial cells (8)•Inactivation by enzymes in the synapse

A

NT action

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14
Q

_____ receptors directly affect ion channels

A

Ionotropic Receptors

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15
Q

____ receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

A

Metabotropic Receptors

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16
Q

____ are due to•Opening Na+ channels•Closing K+ and/or Cl- channels

A

EPSPs

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17
Q

____ are due to•Opening Cl- channels•Increased K+ conductance

A

IPSPs

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18
Q

____ is almost always necessary to produce an AP

A

Summation of EPSPs

19
Q

Postsynaptic potentials last up to _____ msec

A

15 msec

20
Q

____ summation is simultaneous EPSPs or IPSPs from multiple pre-synaptic neurons; added in space

A

Spatial summation

21
Q

_____ summation is successive EPSPs or IPSPs from a single presynaptic nerve terminal; added in time

A

Temporal summation

22
Q

When an inhibitory interneuron (red) releases an inhibitory transmitter (ex. GABA) on a postsynaptic neuron. This produces an ____ that decreases the potential of the postsynaptic neuron from reaching threshold.

A

IPSP

23
Q

When an excitatory interneuron (green) releases an excitatory transmitter (ex. Glutamate) on a postsynaptic neuron. This produces an ___ that increases the potential of the postsynaptic neuron from reaching threshold

A

EPSP

24
Q

Pre-synaptic inhibition and facilitation is due to ____ synapses

A

Axo-Axonic Synapses

25
Q

_____ occurs due to increased Cl– conductance (reduces AP size) which decreases the Ca2+ entry and amount of excitatory NT released.

A

Pre-synaptic Inhibition

26
Q

_____ occurs due to increased AP time so there is increased Ca2+ entry and more NT is released.

A

Pre-synaptic Facilitation

27
Q

In ____, Each successive stimulus is identical, but the response is progressively smaller.Due to a presynaptic change.

A

Synaptic fatigue

28
Q

Enhanced stimulation of the post-synaptic neuron after a brief period of rapidly repeated stimulation of the presynaptic neuron.

A

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

29
Q

Long term potentiation is best studied at ___ synapses in the hippocampus

A

Glutamate

30
Q

_____ is the opposite of LTP as it decreases synaptic strength

A

Long term depression

31
Q

Does Hyperkalemia (up to 6 mM) increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Increase Excitability

32
Q

Does Hypocalcemia increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Increase Excitability

33
Q

Does Alkalosis increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Increase Excitability

34
Q

Does Up-regulation of receptors increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Increase Excitability

35
Q

Does Caffeine & theophylline increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Increase Excitability

36
Q

Does Hyperkalemia (above 6 mM) increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

37
Q

Does Hypokalemia increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

38
Q

Does Hypercalcemia increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

39
Q

Does Acidosis (ex. Diabetic DKA) increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

40
Q

Does Anesthetics (ex. Lidocaine) increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

41
Q

Does Down-regulation of receptors increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

42
Q

Does Hypoxia increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

43
Q

Does Fatigue increase or decrease excitability of a neuron?

A

Decrease Excitability

Physiology Exam 1 (9 decks)

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