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Psychology year 12 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Spinal reflex. How is it triggered

A

An autonomic, involuntary response to a certain stimulus.
It is triggered by cells in he spinal cord rather than the brain
This enables an organism to respond faster

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2
Q

Define conscious response

A

A voluntary, intentional response to sensory stimuli

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3
Q

What is the receptor site

A

A protein molecule found in the dendrites of neurons which receive chemical signals from neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Define unconscious response

A

An involuntary, automatic, unintentional response to sensory stimuli

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5
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

Neuron that sends information away from the CNS to mussels and glands. Eg sends information to hand to make it move.

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6
Q

What is an interneuron

A

Neurones that send information between sensory and motor neurons. Most are located in the CNS

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7
Q

What is a sensory neuron

A

A neuron that sends information form the sensory receptors towards the CNS

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8
Q

Define neuron

A

A specialised nerve cell that receives, processes and/or transmits information

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9
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the Brian and PNS

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10
Q

What’s the role of axon terminals

A

Stores chemicals called neurotransmitters which assists in the transmission of neural information form one neuron to another

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11
Q

What’s the role of the axon

A

Single tube like structure that carries neural impulses away from the cell body towards the axon terminals

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12
Q

Role of the soma (cell body)

A

Responsible for keeping the neuron alive and controls whether the neuron will be activated. Contains the nucleus

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13
Q

Role of the dendrites

A

Detects and recieves neural information from neighbouring neurons

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14
Q

What is another name for efferent neurons and what is their role

A

Also known as motor neurons. They carry signals away from the CNS in order to initiate an action.

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15
Q

What is the myelin sheath and role

A

White fatty substance on the axon that acts as an electrical insulator which increases the speed of neural signals down the axon. Not present on all cells

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16
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares the body for action by activating the flight, fright, freeze response. Increases responsiveness of muscles and organs during activity, stress or when threatened

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17
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

The division of the PNS responsible for involuntary unconscious activity. It transmits motor messages from the Brian to the body’s internal organs and glands. Eg controls heart beat

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18
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

The division of the PNS that is responsible for voluntary movement. Eg moving an arm

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19
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Counteracts the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by calming the body once the cause of stress or threat is over. It responsible for homeostasis

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20
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Contains all the nerves outside the CNS. Contains two sub divisions autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system.

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21
Q

Central nervous system

A

Contain the brain and spinal cord.

22
Q

What are afferent neurons and their role

A

Sensory neurons. Carry signals from sensory receptors towards the CNS

23
Q

Examples of what the sympathetic nervous system does to the body and why

A

Dilates pupils- for better sight
Dry mouth- conserving energy
Accelerates heart rate- for more oxygen to muscles
Increases breathing - for more oxygen
Decreases digestion- for conserving energy

24
Q

Examples of what the parasympathetic nervous system does to the body and why

A

Contracts pupils
Produces more saliva
Decreases heart rate
Decreases breathing

All to return the body back to homeostasis

25
Q

Define synapse

A

The gap between the axon terminals of the pre synaptic neuron to the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron.

26
Q

Define pre synaptic neuron

A

Neuron before synapse

27
Q

Define post synaptic neuron

A

Neuron after synapse

28
Q

Communication betweeen neurons is …… energy

A

Electrochemical energy which is electrical and chemical energy

29
Q

Define action potential

A

Getting a neuron to fire (release electrical energy.

30
Q

Process of the message sending down the neuron

A

When a neuron is activated to fire, the inside of the neuron changes charge temporarily (Pos goes inside)
As change returns to normal state the change releases electric energy.
This happens to a small section at a time and moves along the axon

31
Q

Define resting potential

A

When the axon membrane returns to resting potential after action potential

32
Q

When a message is sent across the neuron is it ……… energy

A

Chemical

33
Q

Steps across the synapse

A
  • Vesicles containing neurotransmitters release into synapse
  • the complementary neurotransmitter binds with specific receptor (lock and key process)
  • the signal is sent to the soma which decides to fire or not depending on amount of the type of neurotransmitter.
34
Q

Define reuptake

A

The process where the receptor on the post synaptic neuron recieves the information from the neurotransmitter

35
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance made of small molecules that uses chemical energy to pass the information across a synapse

36
Q

Define excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Cause a POST SYNAPTIC neuron to fire, reaching axon potential and cause a response

37
Q

Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate- essential for memory and learning

Dopamine- motivation and motor movement

38
Q

Define inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Decreases likelihood of neuron from firing and inhibits a response

39
Q

Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA- essential for decreasing anxiety

Serotonin- important for stabilising mood

40
Q

Define gyrus and sulcus in the brain

A

The raised part between the sulculs

The groves in the brain

41
Q

What’s the four lobes of the brain and their functions and their cortex

A

Frontal lobe- personality, problem solving and decision making (primary motor cortex)
Parietal lobe- sense of touch(primary somatosensory cortex)
Temporal lobe- processing auditory( primary auditory cortex)
Occipital lobe- processing visual info( primary visual cortex)

42
Q

Broca’s area location and function

A

Located in the frontal lobe of left hemisphere

Movement required to produce speech and grammar with writing .

43
Q

Wernickies area location and function

A

located in the temperal lobe of left hemisphere

Interpretation of speech or written language.

44
Q

Define chronic

A

Long term, and recurring. A disease that gradually worsens over time

45
Q

What is neurotransmitter interruption

A

Can occur from an imbalance or deficiency in a neurotransmitter

46
Q

What causes neurotransmitter interruption

A

Alcohol and drugs
Diet and nutrition
Stress
Genetics

47
Q

Treating neurotransmitter interruption

A

Drugs and medication that can mimic the neurotransmitter.

However this is not natural and can make the disease worse

48
Q

Define Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive degenerative neurological condition that affects a persons ability to control their body movement

49
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A

Tremors
Involuntary movement
Restless sleep
Depression

50
Q

Location of Parkinson’s disease

A

Midbrain in the substia niagra- contains neurone that realese dopamine and GABA

51
Q

How does GABA affect Parkinson’s disease and examples

A

Without GABA more neurone fire
There is more muscle movement because GABA is not calming neurones
Involuntary muscle contraction occurs
Examples tremors and restless leg syndrome

52
Q

How does dopamine affect Parkinson’s and examples

A

Without dopamine
Reduction of firing neurons
There are gaps in coordination
Examples- there is not efficient motor function when trying to move eg picking up a drink bottle will contain muscle rigidity

Psychology year 12 (9 decks)

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