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Psychology year 12 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sensory memory

A

Stores sensory information in its raw form for a short period of time

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2
Q

What’s iconic memory capacity and duration

A

Visual information unlimited capacity amd 0.2 seconds duration

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3
Q

What is echoic memory capacity and duration

A

Auditory information unlimited capacity 0.3 to 4 seconds duration

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4
Q

What is sensory memory not last long

A

So you can concentrate on next bit of information.

Just long enough to decide wether attention needs to be paid to it.

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5
Q

How does sensory memory get to short term memory

A

Attention “important information processed”

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6
Q

Short term memory capacity and duration

A

Things that are being given paid attention to at a given point in time.
Capacity 7+-2 pieces of information
Duration 18-30 seconds

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7
Q

How to increase the duration of short term memory

A

Maintenance rehearsal- simple repetition of information to help retain it in short term memory eg repeating times tables

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8
Q

Increasing capacity of short term memory

A

Chunking- grouping individual items to small chunks to increase the capacity of short term memory.
Eg 0429 777 189

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9
Q

How does short term memory go to long term memory

A

Encoding- processing and converting information into usable form that can be storages in long term memory

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10
Q

What is long term memory, duration and capacity

A

Relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long period of time.
Duration potentially life long
Capacity vertially unlimited

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11
Q

How does long term memory go to short term memory

A

Retrieval- accessing previously stored information for use

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12
Q

What is the Atkinson shiffrin model

A

Photo

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13
Q

What is storage

A

Retaining information over time for future use

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14
Q

What would happen if iconic memory lasted longer

A

There would be an overlap of images therefore unclear single image

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15
Q

How to increase duration of long term memory

A

Elaborative rehearsal- makes information memberable associating it with information already obtained in long term memory eg making an acronym

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16
Q

What is procedural memory

A

Memory of actions and skills that have been learned previously.
Knowing “how” to do something
Eg knowing how to drive or tie up a shoe lace
It is hard to recall when or we learned to do it as its unconscious

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17
Q

What is an implicit memory

A

Memories that form unconsciously

Eg Procedural memories and classical conditioned (fear/phobia)

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18
Q

What is explicit memories

A

Memories that require conscious effort eg declarative memories(episodic and semantic)

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19
Q

What is a declarative memory

A

Memory of specific facts, event or general knowledge that can be brought consciously to mind.
Knowing “that”
Information associated to learning for school, reading and maths

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20
Q

What is an episodic memory

A

Information about specific events or personal experiences eg first day of school

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21
Q

Semantic memory

A

Information we have about the world(general knowledge) eg times tables

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22
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Encodes implicit memories and temporary storage.

Simple reflexes

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23
Q

What does the hippocampus do

A

Encodes explicit memories
Consolidation of memories- if interrupted the memory will never form
Spatial memories
Assists memory formation and sorting and storage from short term to long term

24
Q

What does the amygdala do

A

Retrieves explicit memories
Emotional memories are encoded with help from hippocampus
Classically conditioned emotional response
The creation of phobias

25
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do

A

Declarative memories stored
Different parts of the same memory can be stored in different lobes eg visual part in occipital lobe, audio part in temporal lobe.
Synapses link different parts to recall as a whole

26
Q

What’s the semantic network theory

A

When our memories are stored they are arranged into nodes according to their relationship with pre existing memories.
Eg zoo animals gets split into 4 legs and 2 legs

27
Q

Label parts of the brain

A

Photos

28
Q

What is forgetting

A

An inability to recall previously stored information (retrieval struggle)

29
Q

How to help encode memories

A 
Making it meaningful 
Connect to existing information
Be active in the process, engage and question 
Elaborative rehearsal 
Mnemonic devises
30
Q

What’s a mnemonic device

A

Techniques used to aid memory by improving encoding and retrieval
Includes- narrative chaining:placing words to be recalled in a story like a sequence of events
-acronyms
-acrostics

31
Q

How to help retrieve a memory

A

Retrace your steps
Visualise
Find a cue(contact dependent cues as state dependent cue)

32
Q

What is a context dependent cue

A

Specific environment situation when memory was formed act as a cue for the desired information. Eg finding a car by remembering sign, then pole or things somewhere

33
Q

What is state dependent cues

A

The physiological or psychological condition in which a memory was made acts as a retrieval cue for desired information. Eg drunk can’t remember what happened, then when drunk again can remember

34
Q

What’s the serial position effect

A

The effect of the position of information has on the recall

35
Q

What’s the recency effect

A

Most effective recall as Most recent in memory. Still in short term as it was read within last 18-30 seconds

36
Q

What is the primacy effect

A

More recall than middle of list as it has had time to be encoded into long term memory and stored

37
Q

Why is the middle of the list least likely to recall

A

Not enough time to encode in long term Emory
Not enough storage in short term memory capacity to keep it
Duration of short term memory also not long enough to keep middle words short term memory

38
Q

Example of serial position effect in real life

A

Sales in retail

First- information, middle-price, last- best things

39
Q

Why are made up words used to prove the serial effect

A

If real words were used elaborative rehearsal and meaning of the words would impact the results

40
Q

What occurs is there is a 30 second delay for the serial position effect.

A

Primacy- still occur as it has and time to e code in long term memory
Recency effect- as short term memory only lasts 30 seconds the duration will run out and be forgotten

41
Q

What are the three Rs of retrieval and examples for each

A

Relearning-relearning previously known informationrg having information and reading again
Recognition-identifying stored information from a list eg multiple choice questions
Recall-
-cued recall: recall with hints eg remembering first word for a sentence
-serial recall: information in a particular order eg months in order
- free recall: information in any order

42
Q

What is most to least sensitive retrieval methods

A 
Releasing
Recognition
Cued recall
Serial recall
Free recall
43
Q

What occurs to the neurones in the relearning form of retrieval

A

The neurones along the pathways become bushier as the pathway is used more

44
Q

What occurs in the brain with cued call type of retrieval

A

Helps locate the information in the cerebral cortex

45
Q

How can you measure the savings score of relearnfi g

A

Time taken original learning

Multiply answer by 100 to get percentage

46
Q

Define Alzheimer’s

A

A neurodegenerative disease that results from a loss of neurones in the hippocampus and causes memory loss and personality change

47
Q

What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s

A

Amnesia-losing declarative memories
Aphasia- losing names of common objects eg names of family and friends
Agnosia- forgetting the purpose of objects eg what is this used for
Apraxia- forgetting how to use common objects eg how to use microwave or phone

48
Q

What’s the cause of Alzheimer’s

A

Amyloid plaque builds up around neurones which either destroys neurones or prevents supply of nutrients to neurones which leads to neurones death.
Imbalance of acetychole
Shrinkage of hippocampus and cerebral cortex

49
Q

Process of Alzheimer’s

A

Initially affects outer cortex, affecting storage of newly formed memories eg where did I put my bag
As the amyloid plaque builds further, destroying more neurones, strengthened memories in the inner cortex are affected eg agnosia and apraxia

50
Q

What is anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories after an accident
No longer able to encode or store new memories eg new people
Can still remember old memories eg school and name
Prevents memories from being consolidated

51
Q

What is the cause of anterograde amnesia

A

Due to damage of hippocampus which can include the temporal lobe
Can be a result of brain trauma, surgery and drugs

52
Q

Why is memory not reliable

A

Memories do not exist as an exact recording of events that actually happened
Memory is fallible
Memory is subject to personal interpretation
People store information that is in a way that makes most sense to them
Little things get over looked and forgotten

53
Q

What does memory is falliable mean

A

It is susceptible to error

54
Q

How can memory be reconstructed- loftus

A

A memory of an event is encoded and stored into long term memory
When the memory is retireved to consciousness false information (misinformation)can be incorporated and the new memory (reconstructed memory) is encoded into long term memory
Upon retrieval the reconstructed memory with the false information is remembered as real

55
Q

What is a leading question

A

A question that prompts the individual to answer in a particulars way, presupposition.
Eg show in court “how tall was the man” question tells eyewitness it was a man

Psychology year 12 (9 decks)

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