Memory Flashcards
Define sensory memory
Stores sensory information in its raw form for a short period of time
What’s iconic memory capacity and duration
Visual information unlimited capacity amd 0.2 seconds duration
What is echoic memory capacity and duration
Auditory information unlimited capacity 0.3 to 4 seconds duration
What is sensory memory not last long
So you can concentrate on next bit of information.
Just long enough to decide wether attention needs to be paid to it.
How does sensory memory get to short term memory
Attention “important information processed”
Short term memory capacity and duration
Things that are being given paid attention to at a given point in time.
Capacity 7+-2 pieces of information
Duration 18-30 seconds
How to increase the duration of short term memory
Maintenance rehearsal- simple repetition of information to help retain it in short term memory eg repeating times tables
Increasing capacity of short term memory
Chunking- grouping individual items to small chunks to increase the capacity of short term memory.
Eg 0429 777 189
How does short term memory go to long term memory
Encoding- processing and converting information into usable form that can be storages in long term memory
What is long term memory, duration and capacity
Relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long period of time.
Duration potentially life long
Capacity vertially unlimited
How does long term memory go to short term memory
Retrieval- accessing previously stored information for use
What is the Atkinson shiffrin model
Photo
What is storage
Retaining information over time for future use
What would happen if iconic memory lasted longer
There would be an overlap of images therefore unclear single image
How to increase duration of long term memory
Elaborative rehearsal- makes information memberable associating it with information already obtained in long term memory eg making an acronym
What is procedural memory
Memory of actions and skills that have been learned previously.
Knowing “how” to do something
Eg knowing how to drive or tie up a shoe lace
It is hard to recall when or we learned to do it as its unconscious
What is an implicit memory
Memories that form unconsciously
Eg Procedural memories and classical conditioned (fear/phobia)
What is explicit memories
Memories that require conscious effort eg declarative memories(episodic and semantic)
What is a declarative memory
Memory of specific facts, event or general knowledge that can be brought consciously to mind.
Knowing “that”
Information associated to learning for school, reading and maths
What is an episodic memory
Information about specific events or personal experiences eg first day of school
Semantic memory
Information we have about the world(general knowledge) eg times tables
What does the cerebellum do
Encodes implicit memories and temporary storage.
Simple reflexes
What does the hippocampus do
Encodes explicit memories
Consolidation of memories- if interrupted the memory will never form
Spatial memories
Assists memory formation and sorting and storage from short term to long term
What does the amygdala do
Retrieves explicit memories
Emotional memories are encoded with help from hippocampus
Classically conditioned emotional response
The creation of phobias
What does the cerebral cortex do
Declarative memories stored
Different parts of the same memory can be stored in different lobes eg visual part in occipital lobe, audio part in temporal lobe.
Synapses link different parts to recall as a whole
What’s the semantic network theory
When our memories are stored they are arranged into nodes according to their relationship with pre existing memories.
Eg zoo animals gets split into 4 legs and 2 legs
Label parts of the brain
Photos
What is forgetting
An inability to recall previously stored information (retrieval struggle)
How to help encode memories
Making it meaningful Connect to existing information Be active in the process, engage and question Elaborative rehearsal Mnemonic devises
What’s a mnemonic device
Techniques used to aid memory by improving encoding and retrieval
Includes- narrative chaining:placing words to be recalled in a story like a sequence of events
-acronyms
-acrostics
How to help retrieve a memory
Retrace your steps
Visualise
Find a cue(contact dependent cues as state dependent cue)
What is a context dependent cue
Specific environment situation when memory was formed act as a cue for the desired information. Eg finding a car by remembering sign, then pole or things somewhere
What is state dependent cues
The physiological or psychological condition in which a memory was made acts as a retrieval cue for desired information. Eg drunk can’t remember what happened, then when drunk again can remember
What’s the serial position effect
The effect of the position of information has on the recall
What’s the recency effect
Most effective recall as Most recent in memory. Still in short term as it was read within last 18-30 seconds
What is the primacy effect
More recall than middle of list as it has had time to be encoded into long term memory and stored
Why is the middle of the list least likely to recall
Not enough time to encode in long term Emory
Not enough storage in short term memory capacity to keep it
Duration of short term memory also not long enough to keep middle words short term memory
Example of serial position effect in real life
Sales in retail
First- information, middle-price, last- best things
Why are made up words used to prove the serial effect
If real words were used elaborative rehearsal and meaning of the words would impact the results
What occurs is there is a 30 second delay for the serial position effect.
Primacy- still occur as it has and time to e code in long term memory
Recency effect- as short term memory only lasts 30 seconds the duration will run out and be forgotten
What are the three Rs of retrieval and examples for each
Relearning-relearning previously known informationrg having information and reading again
Recognition-identifying stored information from a list eg multiple choice questions
Recall-
-cued recall: recall with hints eg remembering first word for a sentence
-serial recall: information in a particular order eg months in order
- free recall: information in any order
What is most to least sensitive retrieval methods
Releasing Recognition Cued recall Serial recall Free recall
What occurs to the neurones in the relearning form of retrieval
The neurones along the pathways become bushier as the pathway is used more
What occurs in the brain with cued call type of retrieval
Helps locate the information in the cerebral cortex
How can you measure the savings score of relearnfi g
Time taken original learning
Multiply answer by 100 to get percentage
Define Alzheimer’s
A neurodegenerative disease that results from a loss of neurones in the hippocampus and causes memory loss and personality change
What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s
Amnesia-losing declarative memories
Aphasia- losing names of common objects eg names of family and friends
Agnosia- forgetting the purpose of objects eg what is this used for
Apraxia- forgetting how to use common objects eg how to use microwave or phone
What’s the cause of Alzheimer’s
Amyloid plaque builds up around neurones which either destroys neurones or prevents supply of nutrients to neurones which leads to neurones death.
Imbalance of acetychole
Shrinkage of hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Process of Alzheimer’s
Initially affects outer cortex, affecting storage of newly formed memories eg where did I put my bag
As the amyloid plaque builds further, destroying more neurones, strengthened memories in the inner cortex are affected eg agnosia and apraxia
What is anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories after an accident
No longer able to encode or store new memories eg new people
Can still remember old memories eg school and name
Prevents memories from being consolidated
What is the cause of anterograde amnesia
Due to damage of hippocampus which can include the temporal lobe
Can be a result of brain trauma, surgery and drugs
Why is memory not reliable
Memories do not exist as an exact recording of events that actually happened
Memory is fallible
Memory is subject to personal interpretation
People store information that is in a way that makes most sense to them
Little things get over looked and forgotten
What does memory is falliable mean
It is susceptible to error
How can memory be reconstructed- loftus
A memory of an event is encoded and stored into long term memory
When the memory is retireved to consciousness false information (misinformation)can be incorporated and the new memory (reconstructed memory) is encoded into long term memory
Upon retrieval the reconstructed memory with the false information is remembered as real
What is a leading question
A question that prompts the individual to answer in a particulars way, presupposition.
Eg show in court “how tall was the man” question tells eyewitness it was a man
