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Psychology year 12 > Counsiousness And Sleepign > Flashcards

Counsiousness And Sleepign Flashcards

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1
Q

Define consciousness

A

The awareness of objects or events in the external world and internal mental processes at any given moment

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2
Q

Define state of consciousness

A

The level of awareness (how aware)

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3
Q

What does an EEG do

A

Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain

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4
Q

What does an EOG do

A

Detects amplifies records electrical activity in the muscle of the eye
Useful in determining stages of sleep (R.E.M. NREM)

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5
Q

What does an EMG do

A

Detects amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles

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6
Q

What’s the galvanic skin response

A

Electrical conductivity of the skin, sweating leads to increased conductivity .eg lie detector.
Becomes higher when either external of internal physiological arousing the electric current becomes lower

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7
Q

What are psychological characteristics of consciousness (7)

A 
Levels of awareness 
Controlled and automatic process
Content limitations
Perceptual and cognitive distortions
Emotional awareness 
Self control 
Time orientation
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8
Q

Nwc compared to asc levels of awareness

A

Nwc- awake and aware of internal and external events
- able to complete controlled and automatic processes
ASc- lower levels of awareness of internal and external environment

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9
Q

NWC TO ASC controlled and automatic processes

A

NWC-Able to perform within normal limits
-attention is focused or highly selective and can be divided
ASC-usually less
- less control over attention, may be highly selcecitve but less able to be divided

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10
Q

NWC TO ASC content limitations

A

NWS- more constrained and controlled
ASC- usually less constrained or control
- reduced ability to process information

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11
Q

NWC TO ASC perceptual and cognitive distortions

A

NWC- perceptions are realistic and normal
-thought process organised and logical
- memories/recall info accurately
ASC- perception may be altered
- thought process disorganised and less logical
- unable to remember info accurately

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12
Q

NWC TO ASC emotional awareness

A

NWC- greater awareness and control over emotions
ASC- less control of emotions
- emotions may be dulled or heightened

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13
Q

NWC TO ASC self control

A

NWC- more control over actions and movement
-more control over thoughts
ASC- less control over actions and movements and behaviour
-loss of inhibitions

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14
Q

NWC TO ASC time orientation

A

NWC- clear sense of time

ASC- distorted sense of time

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15
Q

What’s the difference between controlled and automatic processes

A

Controlled- full awareness and mental effort required to focus attention on task eg learning to ride a bike for the first time
- selective attention
Automatic-little mental effort
-strengthened neural pathway because of long term potentiation
- divided attention can be given

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16
Q

What’s the difference between selective and divided attention.

A

Selective attention- involves selcectively attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli
Divided attention- the ability to distribute ones attention and undertake two or more activities at once

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17
Q

Physiology factors compared NWC TO ASC

A 
Nwc- heart rate steady or increase
- body temp stable 
-breathing rate stable 
ASC- heart rate decrease
-body temp fluctuations 
- breathing rate decreSs
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18
Q

What’s the order of brain waves

A

BETA
ALPHA
THETA
DELTA

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19
Q

What’s the amplitude and frequency of brain waves

A

Amplitude- height

Frequency- how many peaks within a sections

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20
Q

What occurs in stage 1 of sleep

A

(Nrem)dosing, falling asleep, hypnick jerks, losing awareness
Person woken in this stage may not feel as though they had been sleeping
Alpha /theta waves
5-10 mins

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21
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

NREM) truely asleep, everything continues to slow
-may still think not asleep
- theta with spindles high frequency and k complex low frequency high amp
10-20 mins

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22
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

(NREM) deeper sleep, more slowing of bodily function
-theta/delta
30 mins

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23
Q

Stage 4 of sleep

A

NREM - deepest, hard to wake,
Delta waves
20 mins at beginning less as night goes on
Sleep walking, talking, bed wetting

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24
Q

Stage 5 of sleep

A

REM - rapid eye movement, dream sleep

Higher arousal but not awake

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25
Q

What. Does EOG eeg and EMG measure for rem and NREM

A

EOG- rem= rapid eye movement NREM= slow rolling/none
EEG rem= beta like waves NREM=alpha/theta/delta
EMG rem= paralysis unable to move NREM= little to no movement

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26
Q

What is a hypnogram

A

Photos

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27
Q

What proportion of sleep is rem and NREM at adolescent and babies

A

Rem 20%
NREM 80%
Babis rem 50%
NREM 50%

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28
Q

Define hypnotic state

A

Rolling into first stage of sleep

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29
Q

What is lucid dreaming

A

When someone is aware that they are dreaming and to an extent can control it

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30
Q

What does dreams allow the brain to do

A

Find meaning from me,pride throughout the day it joins all of them together and for,s a story in a disjointed way

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31
Q

Why do babies get 50-50 rem to NREM and elderly get 18-82 to rem nrem
Assuming restorative theory is correct

A

Babies- rem represents requirement for changes in synapses and neural connections
NREM need more time for tissue development due to growing
Elderly- rem represents less need for changes to neural connections
NREM don’t need as much tissue development as growing has slowed down

32
Q

What do stimulants do, examples and change in brain waves in eeg

A 
Increases activity of cns and body (sympathetic ns) HR inc BP inc pupils dilated 
Eg. Caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy 
Beta to gama waves 
Increases frequency decreases amplitude 
Increase in beta or gamma waves
Decrease in alpha or delta waves
33
Q

What do despresants do, examples and change in brain waves in eeg

A

Decrease activity of cns(slower reactions)
HR dec BP dec pupils constrict slower speed
Eg alcohol, painkillers, heroine
Beta to alpha
Decrease frequency and increase amplitude
Typically increase delta and alpha waves
Decrease beta

34
Q

Difference between objective and subjective

A

Objective- a less bias report as it displays facts not open to interpretation
- the results are reliable (repeatable)
Subjective- more bias report that is given by a persons interpretation

35
Q

What the benifits of objective and what’s the benifits of subjective

A

Objective- more reliable and gives clear evidence
Subjective- gives information on things that can’t be observed, gives insight to thoughts/feelings and interpretation of psychological effects

36
Q

Why do we become tiered at night time

A

Melatonin releases into the body when its dark to make us tiered

37
Q

What’s the circadian rythms and example

A

Follows a 24hour cycle eg sleep wake cycle

38
Q

What’s the ultradian rythms and example

A

A cycle that is repeated within 24 hours eg rem and NREM cycle lasting 1.5 hrs

39
Q

Why is consciousness a hypothetical construct

A

It’s all indirect evidence

No imperial evidence

40
Q

What’s the restorative theory

A

Sleep replenishes our bodies and allows us to recharge depeleted energy sources
Rem=replenishes the mind, neural pathways are strengthened, helps consolidate memories by forming new connections to neurones
NREM=replenishes the body by repairing tissues cells and muscles

41
Q

Supportive evidence and criticisms of resortative theory of sleeping

A

Supportive- marathon runners spend higher
proportion of time in NREM sleep(replenish their muscles)
-sleep activates growth and increases immunity
-cognitive decline occurs with sleep deprivation
Criticisms- people who are bed ridden still experience same proportions of NREM sleep eg quadriplegic
- should be fluctuation when someone has decreased activity

42
Q

What is the Evolutionary theory

A

Suggests we undertake periods of inactivity or sleep when we don’t engage in activities that are important to our survival, such as hunting and eating. This is survival as while sleeping it keeps animals out of sight of predators and inactive.

43
Q

Supportive evidence and criticisms of evolutionary theory

A

Evidence- sleep conserves energy, so hibernation is important when food is scarce in winter months
-smaller animals eg bats do not need to consume a lot of food to obtain the energy they need to live therefore they sleep 20-24 hours of the day asleep
Criticisms- while sleeping animals are vulnerable to predators
-doesn’t explain why we must have so much sleep

44
Q

What is partial sleep deprivation

A

Having less sleep than normally required (quantity and quality)

45
Q

What are physiological effects of partial sleep deprivation

A

Trembling hands, drooping eye lids, starring and inability to focus the eyes, lack of energy, headaches

46
Q

Psychological effects of partial sleep deprivation

A

Affective- mood changes, irritability, lack of motivation, heightened anxiety and depression
Behavioural- slower reaction times, risk taking and clumsiness
Cognitive- lack of concentration, impaired memory (trouble encoding) irrational thought, trouble with automatic process compared to controlled as you are putting lots of effort into it cause it’s complex

47
Q

How much sleep we need can be affected by

A

Age- children need more
Lifestyle- shift workers, noisy places, activity
Genetics- females need more sleep than males(biological

48
Q

What’s chronic sleep deprivation

A

Not having enough sleep over an extended period of time

Linked to depression, heart disease, sleep disorders, accelerated ageing process

49
Q

What’s total sleep deprivation and psychological effects

A

Not having enough sleep at all

Paranoia, hallucinations and delusions

50
Q

What occurs with sleep deprivation

A 
Loss motor coordination 
Poor concentration 
Poor memory 
Irritability 
Tendency to hallucinate
51
Q

NREM deprivation causes

A

May prevent restoration of the body and its ability to replenish energy supplies

52
Q

What’s a micro sleep

A

Occur after 3-4 days of sleep deprivation
Brief 3-15 secs involuntary period of sleep that occurs while a person appears to be awake
EEG patter resembles stage 1 or 2 NREM

53
Q

What is rem rebound

A

Studies have shown that following periods of interrupted rem sleep participants spend more time in rem to catch up
This causes NREM to be smaller and interferes with the process of replenishing and restoring the body tissues recovering from fatigue etc

54
Q

What is sleep dept

A

The accumulated amount of sleep loss from insufficient sleep
Cause you to fall asleep faster and after a sleep it improves mood, cognitive proformance and physiological functioning

55
Q

What was the Dawson and Reid study

A

Study on how sleep deprivation can impact human performance
40 participants in a repeated measures design with counterbalancing
Condition 1- participants awake for 24 hours
Condition 2-participants bac 0.1%
Participants were tested on eye hand coordination, concentration task, sensory comparison, grammatical reasoning tasks

56
Q

What are circadian rhythm phase disorders

A

A type of sleep disorders which is primarily due to a mismatch between an individual’s sleep wake pattern and the pattern that is desired.

57
Q

What category is a circadian rhythm disorder

A

Commonly dyssomnias

58
Q

What are the three examples of circadian rhythm disorders

A

Adolescent sleep wake cycle shift
Shift work when they can’t adapt to the Change in sleep hours
Jet lag

59
Q

What is adolescent sleep wake cycle shift

A

Biologically melatonin is released later up to 2 hours resulting in a later onset into sleepiness. Cortisol in the day encouraging alertness is also delayed up to 2 hours making it hard to get up and be alert
Due to school and work adolescents may not get the required amount of sleep and therefore create a sleep debt.
For example a nightly sleep debt of 90 mins per night adds up to 7.5 hours sleep dept per week

60
Q

What can occur to shift workers

A

They might not be able to adapt to the change in sleep hours, sleep is interrupted and therefore creates chronic sleep deprivation

61
Q

How does jet lag from crossing time zones create sleep deprivation

A

Mainly caused when travelling in an easterly direction as we find it easier to stay awake(delay sleep) then to go to sleep earlier.
Results in it being light when the circadian rhythm is used to it being dark

62
Q

What’s the two categories of sleep disorders

A

Dyssomnias and parasomnias

63
Q

What a dyssomnias

A

Sleep disorders involved difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep.
SHOULD NOT be confused with lifestyle factors that inhibits sleep.
Eg having a caffeinated drink or looking at a bright light before sleep as it’s a lifestyle factor

64
Q

What’s an example of a dyssomnias and explain it

A

Sleep onset Insomnia-difficulty getting to sleep effects quality and quantity
Can only be classified when
If it Takes more than 20-30 mins to get to sleep
It if occurs more than 3 nights in a week
If it occurs more than 3 months

65
Q

What’s a parasomnia

A

A disruption of sleep due to an abnormal event that occurs while sleeping.

66
Q

What’s an example of a parasomnia and explain

A

Sleep walking- getting up from bed and performing behaviours while asleep.

  • difficult to wake because they are in a deep sleep either stage 3 or 4 of NREM
  • when waking sleep walker may be confused and disorientated
67
Q

The efffect of sleep walking

A

Loss of deep sleep therefore possible muscle fatigue

Day time sleepiness due to loss or stage 3 and 4 NREM

68
Q

Sleep onset treatment

A

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)

69
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Involves sessions with a psychologist which aims to reduce dysfunctional thoughts and/or behaviours that hinder falling asleep.

70
Q

What’s the cognitive and behavioural component of cognitive behaviour therapy

A

Cognitive- correcting dysfunctional though process that contribute to anxiety about falling asleep. Eg “I’ll never fall asleep” to “I’ll fall asleep eventually”
Behavioural- using discussions and questionnaires to identify behaviours that contribute to difficulty falling asleep

71
Q

Circadian phase disorder treatment

A

Bright light therapy

72
Q

What is bright light therapy

A

Based on correcting the time of meletonine release so that it matches the time of the day (circadian rhythm) that people need to sleep.

73
Q

What’s a subjective reporting on sleep

A

Sleep laboratories and video monitoring

74
Q

What’s an objective measure of sleep

A

EEG, emg, ego

75
Q

What does 17 hours of sleepiness equal in BAC

A

0.05

76
Q

Why is conciseness on a continuum

A

The level of consciousness varies throughout the day from highly focused and away to medium awareness (day dreaming) to low awareness(sleeping).
This can be describes as varying along a sliding scale (a continuum) with many states of consciousness existing between either end of the scale

77
Q

How does a full night sleep deprivation compare to the legal blood alcohol concentration

A

After 17 hours of sustained awakefullness performance of cognitive-motor tasks shows a decline that is the same as a BAC of 0.05% the legal limit

after 24 hours of sustained wakefulness performance decreases to a person with a BAC 0.01

Psychology year 12 (9 decks)

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