Counsiousness And Sleepign Flashcards
Define consciousness
The awareness of objects or events in the external world and internal mental processes at any given moment
Define state of consciousness
The level of awareness (how aware)
What does an EEG do
Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain
What does an EOG do
Detects amplifies records electrical activity in the muscle of the eye
Useful in determining stages of sleep (R.E.M. NREM)
What does an EMG do
Detects amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles
What’s the galvanic skin response
Electrical conductivity of the skin, sweating leads to increased conductivity .eg lie detector.
Becomes higher when either external of internal physiological arousing the electric current becomes lower
What are psychological characteristics of consciousness (7)
Levels of awareness Controlled and automatic process Content limitations Perceptual and cognitive distortions Emotional awareness Self control Time orientation
Nwc compared to asc levels of awareness
Nwc- awake and aware of internal and external events
- able to complete controlled and automatic processes
ASc- lower levels of awareness of internal and external environment
NWC TO ASC controlled and automatic processes
NWC-Able to perform within normal limits
-attention is focused or highly selective and can be divided
ASC-usually less
- less control over attention, may be highly selcecitve but less able to be divided
NWC TO ASC content limitations
NWS- more constrained and controlled
ASC- usually less constrained or control
- reduced ability to process information
NWC TO ASC perceptual and cognitive distortions
NWC- perceptions are realistic and normal
-thought process organised and logical
- memories/recall info accurately
ASC- perception may be altered
- thought process disorganised and less logical
- unable to remember info accurately
NWC TO ASC emotional awareness
NWC- greater awareness and control over emotions
ASC- less control of emotions
- emotions may be dulled or heightened
NWC TO ASC self control
NWC- more control over actions and movement
-more control over thoughts
ASC- less control over actions and movements and behaviour
-loss of inhibitions
NWC TO ASC time orientation
NWC- clear sense of time
ASC- distorted sense of time
What’s the difference between controlled and automatic processes
Controlled- full awareness and mental effort required to focus attention on task eg learning to ride a bike for the first time
- selective attention
Automatic-little mental effort
-strengthened neural pathway because of long term potentiation
- divided attention can be given
What’s the difference between selective and divided attention.
Selective attention- involves selcectively attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli
Divided attention- the ability to distribute ones attention and undertake two or more activities at once
Physiology factors compared NWC TO ASC
Nwc- heart rate steady or increase - body temp stable -breathing rate stable ASC- heart rate decrease -body temp fluctuations - breathing rate decreSs
What’s the order of brain waves
BETA
ALPHA
THETA
DELTA
What’s the amplitude and frequency of brain waves
Amplitude- height
Frequency- how many peaks within a sections
What occurs in stage 1 of sleep
(Nrem)dosing, falling asleep, hypnick jerks, losing awareness
Person woken in this stage may not feel as though they had been sleeping
Alpha /theta waves
5-10 mins
Stage 2 of sleep
NREM) truely asleep, everything continues to slow
-may still think not asleep
- theta with spindles high frequency and k complex low frequency high amp
10-20 mins
Stage 3 of sleep
(NREM) deeper sleep, more slowing of bodily function
-theta/delta
30 mins
Stage 4 of sleep
NREM - deepest, hard to wake,
Delta waves
20 mins at beginning less as night goes on
Sleep walking, talking, bed wetting
Stage 5 of sleep
REM - rapid eye movement, dream sleep
Higher arousal but not awake
What. Does EOG eeg and EMG measure for rem and NREM
EOG- rem= rapid eye movement NREM= slow rolling/none
EEG rem= beta like waves NREM=alpha/theta/delta
EMG rem= paralysis unable to move NREM= little to no movement
What is a hypnogram
Photos
What proportion of sleep is rem and NREM at adolescent and babies
Rem 20%
NREM 80%
Babis rem 50%
NREM 50%
Define hypnotic state
Rolling into first stage of sleep
What is lucid dreaming
When someone is aware that they are dreaming and to an extent can control it
What does dreams allow the brain to do
Find meaning from me,pride throughout the day it joins all of them together and for,s a story in a disjointed way
Why do babies get 50-50 rem to NREM and elderly get 18-82 to rem nrem
Assuming restorative theory is correct
Babies- rem represents requirement for changes in synapses and neural connections
NREM need more time for tissue development due to growing
Elderly- rem represents less need for changes to neural connections
NREM don’t need as much tissue development as growing has slowed down
What do stimulants do, examples and change in brain waves in eeg
Increases activity of cns and body (sympathetic ns) HR inc BP inc pupils dilated Eg. Caffeine, nicotine, ecstasy Beta to gama waves Increases frequency decreases amplitude Increase in beta or gamma waves Decrease in alpha or delta waves
What do despresants do, examples and change in brain waves in eeg
Decrease activity of cns(slower reactions)
HR dec BP dec pupils constrict slower speed
Eg alcohol, painkillers, heroine
Beta to alpha
Decrease frequency and increase amplitude
Typically increase delta and alpha waves
Decrease beta
Difference between objective and subjective
Objective- a less bias report as it displays facts not open to interpretation
- the results are reliable (repeatable)
Subjective- more bias report that is given by a persons interpretation
What the benifits of objective and what’s the benifits of subjective
Objective- more reliable and gives clear evidence
Subjective- gives information on things that can’t be observed, gives insight to thoughts/feelings and interpretation of psychological effects
Why do we become tiered at night time
Melatonin releases into the body when its dark to make us tiered
What’s the circadian rythms and example
Follows a 24hour cycle eg sleep wake cycle
What’s the ultradian rythms and example
A cycle that is repeated within 24 hours eg rem and NREM cycle lasting 1.5 hrs
Why is consciousness a hypothetical construct
It’s all indirect evidence
No imperial evidence
What’s the restorative theory
Sleep replenishes our bodies and allows us to recharge depeleted energy sources
Rem=replenishes the mind, neural pathways are strengthened, helps consolidate memories by forming new connections to neurones
NREM=replenishes the body by repairing tissues cells and muscles
Supportive evidence and criticisms of resortative theory of sleeping
Supportive- marathon runners spend higher
proportion of time in NREM sleep(replenish their muscles)
-sleep activates growth and increases immunity
-cognitive decline occurs with sleep deprivation
Criticisms- people who are bed ridden still experience same proportions of NREM sleep eg quadriplegic
- should be fluctuation when someone has decreased activity
What is the Evolutionary theory
Suggests we undertake periods of inactivity or sleep when we don’t engage in activities that are important to our survival, such as hunting and eating. This is survival as while sleeping it keeps animals out of sight of predators and inactive.
Supportive evidence and criticisms of evolutionary theory
Evidence- sleep conserves energy, so hibernation is important when food is scarce in winter months
-smaller animals eg bats do not need to consume a lot of food to obtain the energy they need to live therefore they sleep 20-24 hours of the day asleep
Criticisms- while sleeping animals are vulnerable to predators
-doesn’t explain why we must have so much sleep
What is partial sleep deprivation
Having less sleep than normally required (quantity and quality)
What are physiological effects of partial sleep deprivation
Trembling hands, drooping eye lids, starring and inability to focus the eyes, lack of energy, headaches
Psychological effects of partial sleep deprivation
Affective- mood changes, irritability, lack of motivation, heightened anxiety and depression
Behavioural- slower reaction times, risk taking and clumsiness
Cognitive- lack of concentration, impaired memory (trouble encoding) irrational thought, trouble with automatic process compared to controlled as you are putting lots of effort into it cause it’s complex
How much sleep we need can be affected by
Age- children need more
Lifestyle- shift workers, noisy places, activity
Genetics- females need more sleep than males(biological
What’s chronic sleep deprivation
Not having enough sleep over an extended period of time
Linked to depression, heart disease, sleep disorders, accelerated ageing process
What’s total sleep deprivation and psychological effects
Not having enough sleep at all
Paranoia, hallucinations and delusions
What occurs with sleep deprivation
Loss motor coordination Poor concentration Poor memory Irritability Tendency to hallucinate
NREM deprivation causes
May prevent restoration of the body and its ability to replenish energy supplies
What’s a micro sleep
Occur after 3-4 days of sleep deprivation
Brief 3-15 secs involuntary period of sleep that occurs while a person appears to be awake
EEG patter resembles stage 1 or 2 NREM
What is rem rebound
Studies have shown that following periods of interrupted rem sleep participants spend more time in rem to catch up
This causes NREM to be smaller and interferes with the process of replenishing and restoring the body tissues recovering from fatigue etc
What is sleep dept
The accumulated amount of sleep loss from insufficient sleep
Cause you to fall asleep faster and after a sleep it improves mood, cognitive proformance and physiological functioning
What was the Dawson and Reid study
Study on how sleep deprivation can impact human performance
40 participants in a repeated measures design with counterbalancing
Condition 1- participants awake for 24 hours
Condition 2-participants bac 0.1%
Participants were tested on eye hand coordination, concentration task, sensory comparison, grammatical reasoning tasks
What are circadian rhythm phase disorders
A type of sleep disorders which is primarily due to a mismatch between an individual’s sleep wake pattern and the pattern that is desired.
What category is a circadian rhythm disorder
Commonly dyssomnias
What are the three examples of circadian rhythm disorders
Adolescent sleep wake cycle shift
Shift work when they can’t adapt to the Change in sleep hours
Jet lag
What is adolescent sleep wake cycle shift
Biologically melatonin is released later up to 2 hours resulting in a later onset into sleepiness. Cortisol in the day encouraging alertness is also delayed up to 2 hours making it hard to get up and be alert
Due to school and work adolescents may not get the required amount of sleep and therefore create a sleep debt.
For example a nightly sleep debt of 90 mins per night adds up to 7.5 hours sleep dept per week
What can occur to shift workers
They might not be able to adapt to the change in sleep hours, sleep is interrupted and therefore creates chronic sleep deprivation
How does jet lag from crossing time zones create sleep deprivation
Mainly caused when travelling in an easterly direction as we find it easier to stay awake(delay sleep) then to go to sleep earlier.
Results in it being light when the circadian rhythm is used to it being dark
What’s the two categories of sleep disorders
Dyssomnias and parasomnias
What a dyssomnias
Sleep disorders involved difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep.
SHOULD NOT be confused with lifestyle factors that inhibits sleep.
Eg having a caffeinated drink or looking at a bright light before sleep as it’s a lifestyle factor
What’s an example of a dyssomnias and explain it
Sleep onset Insomnia-difficulty getting to sleep effects quality and quantity
Can only be classified when
If it Takes more than 20-30 mins to get to sleep
It if occurs more than 3 nights in a week
If it occurs more than 3 months
What’s a parasomnia
A disruption of sleep due to an abnormal event that occurs while sleeping.
What’s an example of a parasomnia and explain
Sleep walking- getting up from bed and performing behaviours while asleep.
- difficult to wake because they are in a deep sleep either stage 3 or 4 of NREM
- when waking sleep walker may be confused and disorientated
The efffect of sleep walking
Loss of deep sleep therefore possible muscle fatigue
Day time sleepiness due to loss or stage 3 and 4 NREM
Sleep onset treatment
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
What is cognitive behavioural therapy
Involves sessions with a psychologist which aims to reduce dysfunctional thoughts and/or behaviours that hinder falling asleep.
What’s the cognitive and behavioural component of cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive- correcting dysfunctional though process that contribute to anxiety about falling asleep. Eg “I’ll never fall asleep” to “I’ll fall asleep eventually”
Behavioural- using discussions and questionnaires to identify behaviours that contribute to difficulty falling asleep
Circadian phase disorder treatment
Bright light therapy
What is bright light therapy
Based on correcting the time of meletonine release so that it matches the time of the day (circadian rhythm) that people need to sleep.
What’s a subjective reporting on sleep
Sleep laboratories and video monitoring
What’s an objective measure of sleep
EEG, emg, ego
What does 17 hours of sleepiness equal in BAC
0.05
Why is conciseness on a continuum
The level of consciousness varies throughout the day from highly focused and away to medium awareness (day dreaming) to low awareness(sleeping).
This can be describes as varying along a sliding scale (a continuum) with many states of consciousness existing between either end of the scale
How does a full night sleep deprivation compare to the legal blood alcohol concentration
After 17 hours of sustained awakefullness performance of cognitive-motor tasks shows a decline that is the same as a BAC of 0.05% the legal limit
after 24 hours of sustained wakefulness performance decreases to a person with a BAC 0.01
