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Psychology year 12 > Classical conditioning > Flashcards

Classical conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

Define learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience.

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2
Q

What is the learning curve

A

Picture

The more you practice the greater you accuracy of recalling or demonstrating learned material

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3
Q

What’s an example of something that can’t be learned

A

Reflex actions

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4
Q

Define memory

A

The process of encoding, storage and retrieval of information

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5
Q

Why is memory not a perfect replica of the world

A

It is a personal interpretation
Can change over time
Memories can be lost

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6
Q

Define neural plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change itself in response to the environment. Neural connections are formed, removed or remade on a continual basis

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7
Q

What is developmental plasticity

A

Development and consolidation of neural pathways

Occurs mostly in infants, children and adolescence

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8
Q

What are the steps of developmental plasticity

A

Proliferation-cells divide and multiply
Migration- the movement of newly formed neurons (eg. Motor neurons to muscles of glands)
Circuit formation- neurones forming connections
Circuit pruning- getting rid of anything not needed
Myelination- strengthening neurones by insulating.

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9
Q

Thing to remember steps of developmental plasticity

A 
Please
Make
Carrot
Cake
Mum
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10
Q

What is adaptive plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to change and develop as a result of new experiences
Occurs in adults
Can develop and recover from serious injury

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11
Q

Two forms of adaptive plasticity

A

Sprouting- brand new neural connections (new pathways)

Re-routing- using a pre exciting pathways but it is different (finding another connection)

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12
Q

What is synaptogenisis

A

Creating new synapses and connections same as circuit formation

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13
Q

Define long term potentiation

A

Long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections, enhanced and effective synaptic transmission due to high frequency stimulation of synaptic pathway

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14
Q

What’s an example of long term potentiation

A

Practicing something

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15
Q

What is hebbian theory rule

A

“Neurones that fire together wire together”

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16
Q

How can long term potentiation be negative

A

Makes things become addictive

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17
Q

What happens at one individual synapse in long term potentiation

A
  1. Increasing amount of neurotransmitters released into synaptic cleft
  2. Increasing number of receptors on post synaptic dendrites
  3. Increasing neurotransmitters effectiveness(this can increase instead of number increasing)
  4. Increasing sensitivity of receptors so that neurotransmitters are ore effective
18
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are used in memory

A

Glutamate

19
Q

What happens to the overall neurones in long term potentiation

A
  1. More branches grow at axon terminals to make greater number in neurotransmitters
  2. More dendrites grow which increases area on post synaptic neurone for receptors

Overall there is more chance of sending a signal

20
Q

What is long term depression

A

Long lasting decrease results in deduction of efficiency in synaptic connections
Results in a lack of stimulisation

21
Q

Why is long term depression important

A

Important role in clearing the brain of old memories to make room for new information that is more important

22
Q

What’s the rule for long term depression

A

“If you don’t use it, you lose it”

23
Q

What happens to neurones in long term depression

A
  1. Pre synaptic neuron produce and release less neurotransmitters
  2. Post synaptic neuron receptors and dendrites reduce in number
  3. Post synaptic neuron becomes less sensitive to neurotransmitters
24
Q

Comparing speed effect of neurotransmitters and neurohormones

A

Neurotransmitters are fast but don’t last as long

Neurohormones are slower but last longer

25
Q

What are neurohormones and example

A

A chemical substance released into the blood stream.
Adrenaline- can enhance long term memory by consolidating it
-important for memory strength and relates to importance
-activates the amygdala
Memories that had more adrenaline are remembered most eg getting bitten by a dog

26
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

A simple for of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring process
The learner is passive(without learner being aware)and an involuntary response is learnt.

27
Q

What’s the three phases of classical conditioning and what happens in each

A

Before conditioning
- neutral stimulus causes no response
-unconditioned stimulus causes unconditioned response
During conditioning
-development of association between neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus result in unconditioned response
After conditioning
-conditioned stimulus produces a conditioned response

28
Q

Classical conditioning elements

A
  1. Neutral stimulus-produces no natrual ingles occurring response
  2. Unconditioned stimulus- something that produces a naturally occurring response
  3. Unconditioned response- naturally occurring response (DUE TO UCS)
  4. Conditioned stimulus- (same as 1) something when repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus produces conditioned response
  5. Conditioned response-(same as 3) a reaction that occurs (DUE TO CS)
29
Q

What is stimulus discrimination and example

A

When an individual only responds to the original conditioned stimulus, not other stimuli that are similar
Eg pavolv dog only responded to the bell not other bells like a door bell

30
Q

What is stimulus generalisation and example

A

The tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar conditioned response
Eg Pavlov dog salivated to the sound of different bells, door bell etc (the saliva may not be the same amour tho)

31
Q

What is extinction

A

After a certain amount of the CS being alone the CR is no longer shown because lack of the USC

32
Q

What is spontaneous recovery (word for word)

A

Following extinction and a rest period the CR reappears at the presentation of the CS

  • not as strong as original CR
  • can reappears but decreases
  • extinguishes faster each time
33
Q

An important purpose served by the process of long term depression in weakening specific synapses is to

A

Make constructive use of synaptic strengthening due to LTP

34
Q

What happened in the little Albert experiment

A

Watson introduced Albert to white fluffy rabbit(NS) and at the same time banged a hammer(UCS) to produce fear response (UCR)

Albert associated white fluffy rabbit with fearful noise to produce a fear response (CR)

35
Q

What is it called when little Albert feared other white fluffy objects

A

Stimulus generalisation

36
Q

What is a conditioned emotional response

A

Anything with fear and anger.

These are harder to go through extinction

37
Q

Ethical considerations breached for little Albert experiment

A

Voluntary participation- wet nurse not completely aware, little Albert was unable to agree/disagree to take part.
Withdrawal rights- when Albert tried to crawl away he was pulled back
Debriefing-no debreifing fear was not extinguished
No harm principle-crying and fearful response left with psychological harm

38
Q

How to remember all ethical considerations

And what are they

A 
Voldemort -voluntary participation 
is -informed consent 
dead -debriefing
do -deception 
not -no harm
worry -withdrawal rights
39
Q

Role of glutamate

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter

Glutamate binds neurone together through synaptic plasticity involved in long term potentiation

40
Q

Role of adrenaline in consolidation

A

Adrenaline can enhance long term memory
Important for encoding emotional memories
Ensures memory strength relates to memory importance eg getting bitten by a dog

Psychology year 12 (9 decks)

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