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Human Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Nervous system function and subdivisions

A
  • Sensory ns
    • Contains receptors
    • Transmits info from receptors to CNS
    • Afferent
  • Somatic Sensory
    • Receives info from skin joints, skeletal muscles
  • Visceral Sensory
    • Recieves info from viscera
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2
Q

Motor NS function and subdivisions

A
  • Motor NS
    • Transmits info from CNS to effectors (muscles)
    • Efferent
  • Somatic Motor
    • Voluntary
    • Innervates Skeletal Muscle
  • Autonomic Motor
    • Involuntary
    • innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
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3
Q

Unipolar

Bipolar

Multipolar

A

Unipolar neurons- Sensory

Bipolar neurons- special senses

Multipolar Neurons- Motor neurons, interneurons

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4
Q

Nerves wrappings

A
  • Endoneurium- wraps neurons
  • Perineurium wraps fasciae
  • Epineurium- wraps bundles
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5
Q

Sections of Brain

A

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Diecephalon

Brainstem

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6
Q

Cerebrum Anatomy

A
  • Concius thought
  • 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
  • Gyri and sulci increase surface area
  • gyri bumps
  • sulci valleys
  • Gray matter on outside white on inside
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7
Q

Cerebrum Sulcus and fissure

A
  • Centrul sulcus (Frontal and parietal
  • Lateral sulcus (around temporal)
  • Parietooccipital sulcus (around occipital)
  • Longitudinal fissure seperates hemispheres
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8
Q

Cerebrum Lobes and functions

A
  • Frontal lobe
    • conscious thought, personality, emotions, motor movement, motor aspect of speech (broca)
  • Parietal lobe
    • sensory, temp pain touch, sensory aspect of speech Wernickes
  • Temporal lobe
    • Auditory
  • Occipital
    • Vision
  • Insula
    • Taste
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9
Q

Homunculus

Consists of

A
  • Precentral Gyrus, Primary MOTOR cortex
    • part of frontal lobe
  • Postcentral Gyrus, Primary Somatosensory cortex
    • Part of parietal lobe
    • face and teeth consist of a lot of sensory
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10
Q

Left Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Analytical thought

speech language

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11
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Senses, recognition, artistry

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12
Q

Association tracts

Commisural tracts

Projection tracts

A
  • Tracts: electrical pathways
  • Association tracts
    • Communicate within the smae hemisphere
  • Commisural tracts
    • between hemispheres
  • Projection tracts
    • brain to spinal cord
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13
Q

Gray Matter Basal Nuclei

A

Masses of gray matter imbedded in white matter

Involved with cordinating muscle movement, walking lifting

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14
Q

Diencephalon Parts

A

Thalamus-send info to appropriate area of brain

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

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15
Q

Parts of epithalamus

A

Habenula

Pineal gland- controls circadian rhythms

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16
Q

Parts of Hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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17
Q

Hypothalamus Functions

A
  • BEETS HAMS
    • Behavior
    • Emotion
    • Endocrine
    • Temperature control
    • Sleep
    • Hunger/ thirst
    • Autonomic control
    • Memory
    • Sexual maturation
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18
Q

Label

A
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19
Q

Cerebellum location and what is it covered with

A

Located inposterior cranial fossa

covered with tentorium cerebelli, tough connective tissue

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20
Q

Cerebellum Anatomy

A
  • Inner white matter also called arbor vitae
  • Seperated into 2 hemispheres
  • Each hemispheres has 2 lobes
  • Vermis seperates lobes
  • Folia instead of gyri/sulci
  • Anterior lobe
    • paleocerebellum
    • coarse movement
  • Posterior lobe
    • Neocerebellum
    • fine movement
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21
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Fine tunes muscle movements

Balance/equilibrium

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22
Q

Brainstem characteristics

A
  • Bidirectional passageway between cerebrum and spinal cord
  • Contains many autonomic and reflex centers
  • essential for survivl
  • point of attachment for ccranial nerves
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23
Q

Brainstem anatomy

A

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Pons

Medulla

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24
Q

Medulla functions

A

Reflexes- coughing sneezing vomiting

Allows brain to talk with spinal cord

Control complex autonomic reflexes- blood flow, set breathing rhythm

Controls visceral funtions

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25
Q

Pons function

A

Nucle involved with breathing

Nuclei process and relay info between cerebellum

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26
Q

Limbic system

A

Extreme and raw emotion, cortex controls it

Alcohol allows for these emotions to come out

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27
Q

Meninges Structure

A
  • CT surrounding brain an spinal cord
  • Dura
    • tough,
    • Periosteal touches skull
    • Meningeal touches arachnoid
  • Arachnoid Mater
    • CSF flows though
  • Pia mater
    • first layer of brain
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28
Q

What are Dural Venous Sinuses

A

Space between periosteal and meningeal

Where CSF is released to blood stream

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29
Q

Meningeal Spaces

A
  • Epidural Space
    • potential
  • Subdural space
    • potential
  • Subarachnoid space
    • True space
    • spinal tap
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30
Q

Dural Septas

Falx Cerebri

Tentorium Cerebelli

Falx cerebelli

Diaphragama Sellae

A
  1. Falx cerebri
    1. Between cerebral hemispheres
  2. Tentorium Cerebelli
    1. Seperates cerebellum and cerebrum
  3. Falx cerebelli
    1. Divides cerebellar hemispheres
  4. Diaphragm Sellae
    1. covers sella turcica
    2. Infundibulum travels though
31
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A

Superior Sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

Confluence of sinuses, where all 3 come together

32
Q

Brain Ventricles

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Interventricular foramen
  3. Third ventricle (either side of thalamus)
  4. Cerebral aqueduct
  5. Fourth ventricle
  6. Septum Pellucidum seperates the left and right of lateral ventricle
  7. These are filled with CSF
33
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Location and composition

A
  • Produced in choroid plexus
  • Clear colorless fluid
  • Circulates though the ventricles and subarachnoid space surrounding CNS
34
Q

CSF Circulation

A

Created in choroid plexus in ventricles

Travels though spinal cord

Into subarachnoid space

To arachnoid villi

Arachnoid granulations

Back to venous circulation

35
Q

What are the parts of the spinal cord

A

Cervical cord C1-8

Thoracic cord T1-12

Lumbar cord L1-5

Sacral cordS1-5

Spinal cord ends at CONUS MEDULLARIS L1

Then branches into Cauda Equina (big bundle)

36
Q

What neurons are in the

Anterior Gray horn

Posterior Gray Horn

A

Anterior gray horn- MOTOR

Posterior gray horn- Sensory

37
Q
A
38
Q

What is found within the gray matter

A
  • Gray matter
    • Anterior gray horn
      • motor
    • Posterior gray horn
      • sensory
    • Lateral gray horn
      • autonomic
39
Q

What is found in the white matter

A

Anterior funicuus

Lateral funiculus

Posterior funiculus

40
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves and where

A
  • 31 pairs
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
41
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  1. Dorsal root ganglion- thicker because of neurons fat heads
  2. Ventral root
    1. Joining of ventral and dorsal roots=spinal cord
  3. Dorsal branch
  4. Ventral branch
  5. White rami communicantes
  6. Gray rami communicantes
42
Q

What are the 4 branches (rami) of spinal nerves

A
  • Outside the vertebral column the spinal nerves split
  • Dorsal Branch or posterior ramus
  • Ventral branch or anterior ramus
  • Rami communicantes
  • Meningeal Brach
43
Q

Dorsal Branch function

A

Carries afferent information from skin and skeletal muscles

44
Q

Ventral branch function

A

Ventral branch (anterior ramus) carries effferent information to skeletal and smooth muscle

45
Q

Rami Communicantes function

A
  • Communicating branch between spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk
  • Conveys autonomic signals for the sympathetic system
  • Autonomic nerves cary visceral motor and sensory info to and from visceral organs
  • Consists of White rami communicantes (contains extran myelin sheath) and gray communicantes
46
Q

White rami communicantes function

A
  • Cary Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the spinal cord to the paravertebral ganglia
47
Q

Gray Rami Communicantes function

A
  • Carry postganglionic sympathetic nerves from paravertebral ganglia to destination
  • Blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili
48
Q

Meningeal Branch

A

Dura

Pia

Arachnoid mater

49
Q

Dermatomes

A

Area of skin supplied by the branches of a single nerve

50
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
    1. V1 Opthalmic
    2. V2 Maxillary
    3. V3 Mandibular
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
51
Q

Somatic NS

A

Operates under concious control

Seldom affects long term survival

Controls skeletal muscle

52
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Operates without concious control

controls visceral effectors

Coordinates system functions

Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

53
Q

What are the 3 major divisions of Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic NS

Parasympathetic NS

Enteric NS

54
Q

Somatic NS neuron paths

A

1 somatic sensory neuron to go toward spinal cord

1 somatic motor neuron out

55
Q

Autonomic NS neuron paths

A

1 visceral sensory neuron in

2 autonomic motor neurons out

56
Q

Chain of motor neurons

A

Chain of 2 motor neurons

Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

57
Q

Ganglia in Symapathetic and Parasympatheic NS

A
  • Sympathetic
    • Ganglia found closer to spinal cord
    • allows signals traveling into ganglion to triger a bunch of other neurons that lead to many effectors
    • Preganglion are short
    • Postganglion long
  • Parasympathetic
    • Ganglion are found out from spine
    • Near or in effector organs
    • Allows for more specific tranmissions
    • Preganglion long, post short
      *
58
Q

Sympathetic NS pre and postganglion neurons

A
  • Preganglionic neuron
    • Myelinated
    • short
    • extensive branching
  • Post ganglionic neuron
    • No myelin
    • long
    • Few branches
59
Q

Para sympathetic NS Pre and Postganglionic Neuron structure

A
  • Preganglionic neurons
    • Myelinated
    • long
    • few branches
  • Postganglionic Neurons
    • No myelin
    • short
    • few branches
60
Q

Sympathetic NS Origin

A

Originate from thoracic to lumbar

T1-L2

Called thoracolumbar division

61
Q

Parasympathetic NS Origin

A

From base of brain and Scaral (tail bone)

Brainstem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)

Sacral Spinal Cord

Called Craniosacral division

62
Q

Sympathetic ANS Ganglionic neurons and target organs

A
  • Preganglionic neurons T1-L2 transmit to
  • Ganglionic Neurons and targets
    • Sympathetic chain ganglia (paired)
      • visceral effectors in thoracic cavity, head, body wall, limbs
    • Collateral ganglia (unpaired)
      • Visceral effectors in abdominal cavity
    • Adrenal Medullae (paireed)
      • Hormones released, organs and systems throughout body
63
Q

Ganglionic Neurons of Sympathetic NS 2

A
  • Sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia
    • Lie on either side of spinal cord
    • Innervate organs in thoracic cavity and head
  • Collateral ( prevertebral) ganglia
    • Anterior to vertebra bodies
    • Innervate organs in abdominopelvic region
64
Q

Sympathetic (paravertebral) Ganglia Contains

A
  • Each chain has
  • 3 cervical ganglia
  • 10-12 thoracic ganglia
  • 4-5 lumbar ganglia
  • 4-5 sacral ganglia
  • 1 coccygeal ganglion
65
Q

3 Cervical Ganglia

A
  • Cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain)
  • Superior
    • C1-C4
  • Middle
    • C5 and C6
  • Inferior
    • C7, C8 and T1
66
Q

Collateral Ganglia Plexuses

A
  • AKA Prevertebral Ganglia
  • Celiac Plexus
    • innervate digestive tract
    • 2 celiac ganglia
    • Superior mesenteric ganglion
    • 2 corticorenal ganglia
  • Arotic Plexus
    • inferior mesenteric ganglion
  • Superior Mesenteric plexus
67
Q

Splanchnic Nerves

A
  • Supply viscera of abdomen and pelvis
  • Sympathetic
    • Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
      • Greater, lesser, least splanchnic nerves
  • Parasympathetic
    • Pelvic splanchnic nerves
68
Q

Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion targets

A

Eye, salivary glands, heart and lung

69
Q

Sympathetic innervation of head

A

Sympathetic fibers wrap aound carotid artery

Forming carotid plexus

70
Q

Parasympathetic NS CN to ganglionic neurons

A
  • Nuclei in brain stem –> ganglionic neurons
    • CN 3 –> Ciliary ganglion
    • CN 7 –> Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
    • CN 9–> Otic Ganglion
    • CN 10–> Intramural ganglia (bunch of ganglia housed in organ)
    • Pelvic nerves–> intramural ganglia
71
Q

Anatomy of Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave brain as components of cranial nerves
    • III Oculomotor, VII facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus
  • Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave spinal cord at sacral level
72
Q

Vagus Nerve

A
  • Provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in
    • Neck
    • Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity as distal as distal large intestine
  • Majority of all parasympathetic outglow
  • Branches intermingle with sympathetic division
73
Q

Enteric NS

A

Third division of ANS

Gastrointestinal tract

Human Anatomy (20 decks)

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