Blood

Question 1

Functions of Blood

Answer 1

• Transportation
  
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • nutrients, hormones, waste products- plasma
• Regulation
  
  • absorbs heat and distributes-plasma
  • regulates body pH and fluid levels
• Protection
  
  • from infection -WBC
  • Transports antibodies-Plasma
  • Forms blood clots-Platelets

Question 2

Characteristics of Blood

Answer 2

Avg blood volume 4-6 liters

38C (100F) normal

Viscous

SLightly alkalne pH (7.35-7.45)

Question 3

Composition of Blood

Answer 3

Plasma- 555

Leukocytes and platelets less than 1%

Erythrocytes- 44%

Question 4

Hematocrit

Answer 4

Percentage of blood volume of RBC

Males 40-54%

Females 37-47%

Varies with hormones and altitude

Question 5

Blood Doping

Answer 5

Donating RBC to self after allowing body to replenish removed RBC

Increases hematocrit

Also done with EPO (erythropoieten)

Danger high viscosity

Question 6

Plasma proteins in order of greates to least and other components

Answer 6

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Regulatory Proteins

Majority of plasam is water

also contains electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products

Question 7

Plasma Protein Function

Answer 7

• Albumin
  
  • Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormone, steroids
• Globulins
  
  • Antibodies
  • Transports globulins(hormone binding proteins, lipoproteins)
• Fibrinogen
  
  • Form clots and produce long insoluble fibrin strands
• Regulatory Proteins
  
  • Insulin, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, FSH, LH

Question 8

Red blood cell count measures

Answer 8

The number of RBC in 1 microliter

Question 9

RBC Structure

Answer 9

• No nucleus or organelles
  
  • no repair
  • no mitochondria–>all energy from anaerobic glycolysis
• Biconcave discs
  
  • high surface to volume ratio
  • quickly absorbs and releases oxygen
• Filled with hemoglobin
• Stacks called rouleaux

Question 10

RBC life cycle

Answer 10

Made in bone marrow

Circulate for 120 days

Liver and spleen break them down

Heme is recycled

Question 11

Erythropoiesis

Answer 11

In myeloiod tissue of BM

Requires AA B12 B6 and folic acid

Erythropoieten stimulating hormone- made when low oxygen, disease, altitude

Question 12

What is Polycythemia and Anemia

Answer 12

Polycythemia- too many RBC

Anemia- Too few RBC

Iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia

Question 13

What antibodies are formed according to blood type

Answer 13

If you have A, produce B AB

Have B, make A AB

O, make A and B AB

Type AB, dont make either

Question 14

Rh Factor

Answer 14

• Individuals dont make AB until they are exposed to Rh+ blood
• Rh positive
  
  • RBC have D antigen
  • No AB
• Rh negative
  
  • No antigen D
  • Anti-D AB after exposure
• Birth or injury can sensitize a Rh negative person against future Rh exposure
• RhoGAM shot prevents Rh negative mom from rejecting Rh+ baby

Question 15

Leukocyte Characteristics

Answer 15

Larger than RBC

No hemoglobin

Contain nucleus and organelles

Question 16

WBC Circulation and movement

Answer 16

Most in connective tissue proper, lymph system organs

Small amount in blood

Diapedesis-WBC leave bloodstream into tissue

Chemotaxis- WBC attracted to site of infection, damaged cells, invading pathogens

Question 17

Types of Leukocyts (2 groups)

Order of largest to smallest

Answer 17

• Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophil, Basophil
• Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes
• Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
• Neutrophils, lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophil

Question 18

Leukopoiesis

Answer 18

Myeloid Stem cells produce all WBC except lymphocytes

Lymphoid stem cells- Lymphopoiesis make lymphocytes

Question 19

WBC Counts and diseases

Answer 19

Norma- 5,000-10,000/ microliter of blood

Leukocytosis: High WBC count

Leukopenia: Low WBC count

Question 20

Thrombocytes (platelets) what are they, life span

Answer 20

Cell grafments (cytoplasmic fragments) of megakaryocytes

Live for 8-12 days, removed by spleen

2/3 saved for emergency

Question 21

3 functions of platelets

Answer 21

Release important clotting chemicals

Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls

Reduce size of break in vessel wall

Question 22

Hemostasis

Answer 22

Cessation of bleeding

3 phases

• Vascular phase
• Platelet phase
• Coagulation Phase
• Clot retraction

Question 23

Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)

Answer 23

Production of formed elements

Includes Erythropoiesis, Thrombopoiesis, Leukopoiesis

In bone marrow

EPO made by kidney