Blood Flashcards
Functions of Blood
- Transportation
- oxygen and carbon dioxide
- nutrients, hormones, waste products- plasma
- Regulation
- absorbs heat and distributes-plasma
- regulates body pH and fluid levels
- Protection
- from infection -WBC
- Transports antibodies-Plasma
- Forms blood clots-Platelets
Characteristics of Blood
Avg blood volume 4-6 liters
38C (100F) normal
Viscous
SLightly alkalne pH (7.35-7.45)
Composition of Blood
Plasma- 555
Leukocytes and platelets less than 1%
Erythrocytes- 44%
Hematocrit
Percentage of blood volume of RBC
Males 40-54%
Females 37-47%
Varies with hormones and altitude
Blood Doping
Donating RBC to self after allowing body to replenish removed RBC
Increases hematocrit
Also done with EPO (erythropoieten)
Danger high viscosity
Plasma proteins in order of greates to least and other components
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory Proteins
Majority of plasam is water
also contains electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products
Plasma Protein Function
- Albumin
- Transport fatty acids, thyroid hormone, steroids
- Globulins
- Antibodies
- Transports globulins(hormone binding proteins, lipoproteins)
- Fibrinogen
- Form clots and produce long insoluble fibrin strands
- Regulatory Proteins
- Insulin, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, FSH, LH
Red blood cell count measures
The number of RBC in 1 microliter
RBC Structure
- No nucleus or organelles
- no repair
- no mitochondria–>all energy from anaerobic glycolysis
- Biconcave discs
- high surface to volume ratio
- quickly absorbs and releases oxygen
- Filled with hemoglobin
- Stacks called rouleaux
RBC life cycle
Made in bone marrow
Circulate for 120 days
Liver and spleen break them down
Heme is recycled
Erythropoiesis
In myeloiod tissue of BM
Requires AA B12 B6 and folic acid
Erythropoieten stimulating hormone- made when low oxygen, disease, altitude
What is Polycythemia and Anemia
Polycythemia- too many RBC
Anemia- Too few RBC
Iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia
What antibodies are formed according to blood type
If you have A, produce B AB
Have B, make A AB
O, make A and B AB
Type AB, dont make either
Rh Factor
- Individuals dont make AB until they are exposed to Rh+ blood
- Rh positive
- RBC have D antigen
- No AB
- Rh negative
- No antigen D
- Anti-D AB after exposure
- Birth or injury can sensitize a Rh negative person against future Rh exposure
- RhoGAM shot prevents Rh negative mom from rejecting Rh+ baby
Leukocyte Characteristics
Larger than RBC
No hemoglobin
Contain nucleus and organelles
WBC Circulation and movement
Most in connective tissue proper, lymph system organs
Small amount in blood
Diapedesis-WBC leave bloodstream into tissue
Chemotaxis- WBC attracted to site of infection, damaged cells, invading pathogens
Types of Leukocyts (2 groups)
Order of largest to smallest
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophil, Basophil
- Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes
- Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
- Neutrophils, lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophil, Basophil
Leukopoiesis
Myeloid Stem cells produce all WBC except lymphocytes
Lymphoid stem cells- Lymphopoiesis make lymphocytes
WBC Counts and diseases
Norma- 5,000-10,000/ microliter of blood
Leukocytosis: High WBC count
Leukopenia: Low WBC count
Thrombocytes (platelets) what are they, life span
Cell grafments (cytoplasmic fragments) of megakaryocytes
Live for 8-12 days, removed by spleen
2/3 saved for emergency
3 functions of platelets
Release important clotting chemicals
Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
Reduce size of break in vessel wall
Hemostasis
Cessation of bleeding
3 phases
- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase
- Coagulation Phase
- Clot retraction
Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis)
Production of formed elements
Includes Erythropoiesis, Thrombopoiesis, Leukopoiesis
In bone marrow
EPO made by kidney
