Nervous System Flashcards
The Central Nervous System is composed of ___ & ____ ___
Brain & spinal cord
The _______ area that allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles is anterior to the central sulcus in the _______ lobe.
somatic sensory; frontal primary motor; temporal primary motor; frontal lobe somatic sensory; parietal primary motor; parietal
primary motor; frontal lobe
Besides the accessory nerve (XI), which pair of cranial nerves extends beyond the head and neck?
Trigeminal (V) Hypoglossal (XII) Facial (VII) Oculomotor (III) Vagus (X)
Vagus (X)
The cell bodies of sensory neurons whose fibers enter the cord are found in the _______.
basal nuclei ventral root autonomic ganglia ventral root ganglion dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal root, ganglion
The cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are called _______, and in the central nervous system (CNS) the cells are called _______.
satellite cells; astrocytes astrocytes; Schwann cells Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells Schwann cells; microglia
Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
The three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting CNS structures are collectively known as the _______. The _______ is the outermost, leathery layer.
meninges; dura mater periosteum; dura mater meninges; arachnoid endosteum; pia mater meninges; pia mater
meninges; dura mater
What is the minimum number of neurons that can be involved in a reflex?
Four Three Two Five One
2
The deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum is called the _______.
pons central sulcus thalamus longitudinal fissure cerebellum
Longitudinal fissure
Which of the following substances is NOT prevented from entering brain tissue due to the tight junctions that form the blood-brain barrier?
Potassium ions Nonessential amino acids Urea Proteins Essential amino acids
Essential amino acids
Which of the following is NOT a central nervous system glial cell?
Neuron Ependymal cell Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte Microglia
Neuron
An action potential i) occurs when the local potential reaches threshold, ii) obeys the all-or-none rule, iii) proceeds with constant magnitude from one point to another, iv) is characterized by a series of depolarizations/repolarizations along the membrane.
All the above statements are correct. Only (i), (ii), and (iii) are correct. Only (i) and (iii) are correct. Only (iv) is correct. Only (ii) and (iv) are correct.
All are correct
Between successive Schwann cells, there are gaps in the myelin sheath called _______.
axon hillocks nodes of Ranvier Nissl granules neuron cell bodies axons
Nodes of Ranvier
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) may impair the sense of taste?
Hypoglossal (N XII)
Facial (N VII)
The facial (N VII) and the glossopharyngeal (N IX)
Glossopharyngeal (N IX)
The facial (N VII) and the glossopharyngeal (N IX)
The _______ produce cerebrospinal fluid.
crura cerebri adenohypophyseal glands meninges choroid plexuses corpora quadrigemina
choroid plexuses
The cerebellum aids in maintenance of _______.
emotional behavior visual acuity binocular vision speech balance and posture
Balance of posture
The corpus callosum connects the _______.
lateral lobes of the cerebellum hippocampi with the mammillary bodies hypothalamus to the pons cerebellum to the pons and medulla right and left cerebral hemispheres
right and left hemispheres
The dendrite of a neuron _______.
conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body AND is the larger cell process of a multipolar neuron
conducts nerve impulses toward the neuron cell body
is the only cell process of a multipolar neuron
conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body
conducts nerve impulses toward the neuron cell body
Sensory neuron cell processes (dendrites) carry a stimulus toward the neuron cell body.
Which of the following cranial nerves supplies motor fibers to the pharynx that promote swallowing and saliva production, and carries sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and from pressure receptors of the carotid artery?
Hypoglossal nerve (N XII) Facial nerve (N VII) Trigeminal nerve (N V) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (N X)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Which of the following statements regarding the nerve impulse is TRUE?
If a stimulus is strong enough, hyperpolarization causes membrane polarity to be completely reversed, and an action potential is initiated.
Ionic conditions are restored after repolarization by the actions of the sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump, whereby two Na+ ions are ejected for every three K+ ions carried back into the cell.
A stimulus changes the permeability of a “patch” of the membrane, and sodium ions (Na+) diffuse rapidly into the cell.
During repolarization, sodium ions diffuse rapidly into the cell.
The external face of the resting membrane is slightly negative, and its internal face is slightly positive.
A stimulus changes the permeability of a “patch” of the membrane, and sodium ions (Na+) diffuse rapidly into the cell.
Abundant, star-shaped cells
Form barrier between capillaries and neurons to maintain the blood-brain barrier and control the brain’s chemical environment (ions, nutrients, etc)
Astrocytes
Mobile cells roaming through neural tissue, similar to macrophages
Remove cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens
Microglia
Form the epithelium-lined fluid-filled passageways in spinal cord and brain
Produce, monitor, and circulate CSF
Ependymal cells
Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system to produce myelin sheaths
Oligodendrocytes form concentric layers of lipid-rich material called myelin sheath around axons
Grey Matter
Unmyelinated axons not completely covered by myelin
Regions of CNS with cell bodies and unmyelinated axons are gray matter
White matter
Myelinated axons have myelin sheath
Regions in CNS with myelinated axons are white matter
Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
Protect neuron cell bodies
Satellite cells
Neurons
Neurons = nerve cells
Cells specialized to transmit messages from one part of the body to another – these messages are called nerve impulses
Neurons are amiotic
Receive stimuli from environment or other neurons
Dendrites
Contains nucleus and other organelles
Cytoskeleton contains filaments that extend into dendrites and axon
Cell bodies
Carries information away from cell body toward other cells
Axon
Axonal Terminal
Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters
End of axon terminal adjacent to synapse (where neuron communicates with another cell)
