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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS consists of the ____ and ___ ____

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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2
Q

regions of the brain

A

Cerebrum – divided into two central hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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3
Q

are paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
Includes more than half of the brain mass
The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

A

cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

Three main regions of cerebral hemisphere

A

Cortex (gray matter)
White matter
Basal nuclei (deep pockets of gray matter)

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5
Q

Receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors
Pain, temperature, light touch
Located in parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus
Sensory homunculus is a spatial map
Left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from right side (and vice versa)

A

Primary somatic sensory area

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6
Q

Sends impulses to skeletal muscles
Located in frontal lobe
Motor neurons form corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, which descends to spinal cord
Motor homunculus is a spatial map (see previous slide)

A

Primary motor area

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7
Q

Cerebral areas involved in special senses

A 
Visual area (occipital lobe)
Auditory area (temporal lobe)
Olfactory area (temporal lobe)
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8
Q

Involved in our ability to speak (vocalize words)

Usually only in left hemisphere

A

Broca’s Area - Frontal Lobe

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9
Q

Higher intellectual reasoning and social behavior

A

Anterior association areas

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10
Q

Recognizing patterns and faces; blending all inputs into an understanding of the “whole situation”

A

Posterior association areas

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11
Q

islands of gray matter buried within the white matter

Regulates the information coming from the primary motor cortex going to the thalamus and then spinal cord

A

Basal nuclei (ganglia)

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12
Q

Layers of the cerebrum
____ matter—outer layer in the cerebral cortex; composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
____ matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray matter
____ _____ connects hemispheres

A

Grey
White
Corpus Collosum

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13
Q

Parietal lobe - responsible for:

A

Sensory processing (somatic) – pain, cold, light touch, position

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14
Q

Temporal Lobe responsible for

A

Temporal – receptive area (hearing, smell)

Wernicke’s centre (speech comprehension)

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15
Q

Occipital Lobe is responsible for

A

Occipital – vision interpretation

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16
Q

Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

A

Lateral sulcus - Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

17
Q

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Contains primary motor cortex (anterior) – sends motor impulses to periphery – in frontal lobe
Contains primary sensory cortex (posterior) - receives impulses from peripheral sensory receptors – in parietal lobe

A

Central Sulcus

18
Q
  • Separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe
A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

19
Q

Cerebral areas involved in special senses

A 
Gustatory area (taste)
Visual area
Olfactory area (smell)
Hearing / speech areas
Auditory area
Broca’s area
20
Q 
Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
A

Diencephalon

21
Q

Relay station for sensory impulses

Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

A

Thalamus

22
Q 
Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system center
Helps regulate body temperature
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
Houses the limbic center for emotions
Regulates the nearby pituitary gland
A

Hypothalamus

23
Q

Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)

Includes the choroid plexus - CSF

A

Epithalamus

24
Q

Parts of the Brain Stem include

A

Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Attaches to the spinal cord

25
Q

Composed mostly of tracts of nerve fibers to convey ascending and descending impulses (between cerebrum and spinal cord)
Also contains visual and auditory reflex centers

A

Midbrain

26
Q

Mostly composed of fiber tracts

Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

A

Pons

27
Q 
The lowest part of the brain stem - merges into the spinal cord
Contains critical control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
A

Medulla Oblongata

28
Q

Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem
Involved in motor control of visceral organs
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
Filter for incoming sensory information

A

Reticular Formation

29
Q

Coordinates complex somatic (motor) patterns from cerebral cortex
Adjusts postural muscles to maintain balance
Programs and fine-tunes movements

A

Cerebellum

30
Q

Thick fibrous connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

31
Q

space between the dura and the skull – contains arteries

A

Epidural space

32
Q

outmost layer of meninges, thick, attaches to the skull

A

Dura matar

33
Q

space between the dura and the brain – contains veins

A

Subdural space

34
Q

middle membrane, thin, spider web in appearance – tight to the brain

A

Arachnoid

35
Q

below the arachnoid – contains capillaries

A

Subarachnoid Space –

36
Q

inner most meninges layer, closely follows contours of the brain

A

Pia Matar

37
Q

Similar to blood plasma composition (produced by ependymal cells)
Clear, colorless, contains sugar, no WBC’s or RBC’s
Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

38
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Barrier formed by endothelial cells of the brain’s capillaries which form continous tight junction – creating a barrier to certain dyes, medications and antibiotics – allowing in glucose, water and amino acids

39
Q

Blood Brain barrier does not keep out substances including

A

Useless against some substances

Fats and fat soluble molecules, respiratory gases, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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