Central Nervous System

Question 1

The CNS consists of the ____ and ___ ____

Answer 1

Brain and Spinal cord

Question 2

regions of the brain

Answer 2

Cerebrum – divided into two central hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

Question 3

are paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
Includes more than half of the brain mass
The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

Answer 3

cerebral hemispheres

Question 4

Three main regions of cerebral hemisphere

Answer 4

Cortex (gray matter)
White matter
Basal nuclei (deep pockets of gray matter)

Question 5

Receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors
Pain, temperature, light touch
Located in parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus
Sensory homunculus is a spatial map
Left side of the primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from right side (and vice versa)

Answer 5

Primary somatic sensory area

Question 6

Sends impulses to skeletal muscles
Located in frontal lobe
Motor neurons form corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, which descends to spinal cord
Motor homunculus is a spatial map (see previous slide)

Answer 6

Primary motor area

Question 7

Cerebral areas involved in special senses

Answer 7

Visual area (occipital lobe)
Auditory area (temporal lobe)
Olfactory area (temporal lobe)

Question 8

Involved in our ability to speak (vocalize words)

Usually only in left hemisphere

Answer 8

Broca’s Area - Frontal Lobe

Question 9

Higher intellectual reasoning and social behavior

Answer 9

Anterior association areas

Question 10

Recognizing patterns and faces; blending all inputs into an understanding of the “whole situation”

Answer 10

Posterior association areas

Question 11

islands of gray matter buried within the white matter

Regulates the information coming from the primary motor cortex going to the thalamus and then spinal cord

Answer 11

Basal nuclei (ganglia)

Question 12

Layers of the cerebrum
____ matter—outer layer in the cerebral cortex; composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
____ matter—fiber tracts deep to the gray matter
____ _____ connects hemispheres

Answer 12

Grey
White
Corpus Collosum

Question 13

Parietal lobe - responsible for:

Answer 13

Sensory processing (somatic) – pain, cold, light touch, position

Question 14

Temporal Lobe responsible for

Answer 14

Temporal – receptive area (hearing, smell)

Wernicke’s centre (speech comprehension)

Question 15

Occipital Lobe is responsible for

Answer 15

Occipital – vision interpretation

Question 16

Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

Answer 16

Lateral sulcus - Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

Question 17

Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Contains primary motor cortex (anterior) – sends motor impulses to periphery – in frontal lobe
Contains primary sensory cortex (posterior) - receives impulses from peripheral sensory receptors – in parietal lobe

Answer 17

Central Sulcus

Question 18

• Separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe

Answer 18

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 19

Cerebral areas involved in special senses

Answer 19

Gustatory area (taste)
Visual area
Olfactory area (smell)
Hearing / speech areas
Auditory area
Broca’s area

Question 20

Sits on top of the brain stem
Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
Made of three parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

Answer 20

Diencephalon

Question 21

Relay station for sensory impulses

Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

Answer 21

Thalamus

Question 22

Under the thalamus
Important autonomic nervous system center
Helps regulate body temperature
Controls water balance
Regulates metabolism
Houses the limbic center for emotions
Regulates the nearby pituitary gland

Answer 22

Hypothalamus

Question 23

Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)

Includes the choroid plexus - CSF

Answer 23

Epithalamus

Question 24

Parts of the Brain Stem include

Answer 24

Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

Attaches to the spinal cord

Question 25

Composed mostly of tracts of nerve fibers to convey ascending and descending impulses (between cerebrum and spinal cord) Also contains visual and auditory reflex centers

Answer 25

Midbrain

Question 26

Mostly composed of fiber tracts | Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

Answer 26

Pons

Question 27

``` The lowest part of the brain stem - merges into the spinal cord Contains critical control centers Heart rate control Blood pressure regulation Breathing Swallowing Vomiting ```

Answer 27

Medulla Oblongata

Question 28

Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem Involved in motor control of visceral organs Reticular activating system (RAS) Plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness Filter for incoming sensory information

Answer 28

Reticular Formation

Question 29

Coordinates complex somatic (motor) patterns from cerebral cortex Adjusts postural muscles to maintain balance Programs and fine-tunes movements

Answer 29

Cerebellum

Question 30

Thick fibrous connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord

Answer 30

Meninges

Question 31

space between the dura and the skull – contains arteries

Answer 31

Epidural space

Question 32

outmost layer of meninges, thick, attaches to the skull

Answer 32

Dura matar

Question 33

space between the dura and the brain – contains veins

Answer 33

Subdural space

Question 34

middle membrane, thin, spider web in appearance – tight to the brain

Answer 34

Arachnoid

Question 35

below the arachnoid – contains capillaries

Answer 35

Subarachnoid Space –

Question 36

inner most meninges layer, closely follows contours of the brain

Answer 36

Pia Matar

Question 37

Similar to blood plasma composition (produced by ependymal cells) Clear, colorless, contains sugar, no WBC's or RBC's Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

Answer 37

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 38

Blood Brain Barrier

Answer 38

Barrier formed by endothelial cells of the brain’s capillaries which form continous tight junction – creating a barrier to certain dyes, medications and antibiotics – allowing in glucose, water and amino acids

Question 39

Blood Brain barrier does not keep out substances including

Answer 39

Useless against some substances | Fats and fat soluble molecules, respiratory gases, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics