Chapter 1-3 test review Flashcards
Matter and energy - how are they interrelated?
Matter is the physical substances that make up all living and non living things. Energy is the mover of the substance.
What form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another?
Electrical energy
What type of energy is available when we are still? When we are excercising?
Potential energy. Kinetic energy.
What does it mean when we say energy is lost every time energy changes forms?
It produces heat which is unusable.
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Gas, liquid or solid.
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity to move objects or do work.
Mechanical, radiant, chemical & electrical
When energy changes forms heats is lost as unusable.
An atom has 5 neutrons, 4 protons, and 4 electrons. What is its atomic number? What is its mass number?
Beryllium. Atomic number is 4. Mass number is 9
What is the name of an unstable atom that has more or less electrons than a typical atom of its type?
Radioisotope
What is a molecule
2 or more atoms bonded together
The four concepts of the cell theory are________
The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: All known living things are made up of one or more cells. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
List four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Define cell
The current meaning of cell is the (living) unit of life.
According to the cell theory, what the organism can do depends on _______. (Fill in the blank.)
What its cells can do.
Define generalized cell.
Generalized cells are round or spherical in shape and perform basic life
What is facilitated diffusion?
A process in which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins. (passes through channels )
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.
What is active transport?
The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. ex: solute pumping
What is exocytosis?
A process in which a vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular medium.
What is endocytosis?
The process by which a cell membrane surrounds and encloses a large particle to bring it into the cel
How is a membrane potential generated and maintained across a membrane?
Diffusion causes ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane, and active transport passes maintain that membrane potential.
What are cell adhesion molecules?
1) Anchor cells to extracellular matrix or to each other
2) Assist in movement of cells past one another
3) CAMs of blood vessel lining attract white blood cells to injured or infected areas
4) Stimulate synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions
5) Transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization
What are the 3 major elements of cytoplasm?
Cytosol, organelles and inclusions.
What are the organelles of the cytoplasm and their functions for the cell?
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
What is mitosis?
The process by which chromosomes in the nucleus replicate and divide to form two new cells. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis can be a form of asexual reproduction, where as meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction.
What is the triplet code?
Each sequence of three nitrogenous basis.
What are the roles of mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis?
mRNA carries the message containing the instructions for building a polypeptide from gene to ribosome. tRNA does not transport codes for synthesizing other molecules and is thus the final product of the genes that code for them.
What is the process of transcription?
Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.
What is the process of translation?
Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
How does aging affect cells?
Cells grow larger and are less able to reproduce.
Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body and how things are related
Physiology
The study of the function of the body
What is Gross Anatomy and its 3 major subdivisions?
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys); Regional, systematic, surface
What is Microscopic Anatomy and its 2 major subdivisions?
The study of structures too small for the naked eye; Cytology, histology
What is Developmental Anatomy?
Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span; Embryology
What are the three specialized branches of Physiology?
Reno physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiovascular physiology
What is the theory of complementarity?
That studying anatomy and physiology separately is nearly impossible, because function always reflects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form
What are the levels of structural organization in the body in order from small to large?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
What are the eight functions necessary for maintaining life?
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth