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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 1-3 test review > Flashcards

Chapter 1-3 test review Flashcards

1
Q

Matter and energy - how are they interrelated?

A

Matter is the physical substances that make up all living and non living things. Energy is the mover of the substance.

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2
Q

What form of energy is used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another?

A

Electrical energy

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3
Q

What type of energy is available when we are still? When we are excercising?

A

Potential energy. Kinetic energy.

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4
Q

What does it mean when we say energy is lost every time energy changes forms?

A

It produces heat which is unusable.

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5
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Gas, liquid or solid.

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6
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy is the capacity to move objects or do work.
Mechanical, radiant, chemical & electrical
When energy changes forms heats is lost as unusable.

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7
Q

An atom has 5 neutrons, 4 protons, and 4 electrons. What is its atomic number? What is its mass number?

A

Beryllium. Atomic number is 4. Mass number is 9

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8
Q

What is the name of an unstable atom that has more or less electrons than a typical atom of its type?

A

Radioisotope

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9
Q

What is a molecule

A

2 or more atoms bonded together

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10
Q

The four concepts of the cell theory are________

A

The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: All known living things are made up of one or more cells. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.

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11
Q

List four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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12
Q

Define cell

A

The current meaning of cell is the (living) unit of life.

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13
Q

According to the cell theory, what the organism can do depends on _______. (Fill in the blank.)

A

What its cells can do.

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14
Q

Define generalized cell.

A

Generalized cells are round or spherical in shape and perform basic life

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15
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A process in which substances move down their concentration gradient across the cell membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins. (passes through channels )

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16
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.

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17
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy. ex: solute pumping

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18
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

A process in which a vesicle within the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular medium.

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19
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process by which a cell membrane surrounds and encloses a large particle to bring it into the cel

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20
Q

How is a membrane potential generated and maintained across a membrane?

A

Diffusion causes ionic imbalances that polarize the membrane, and active transport passes maintain that membrane potential.

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21
Q

What are cell adhesion molecules?

A

1) Anchor cells to extracellular matrix or to each other
2) Assist in movement of cells past one another
3) CAMs of blood vessel lining attract white blood cells to injured or infected areas
4) Stimulate synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions
5) Transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization

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22
Q

What are the 3 major elements of cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol, organelles and inclusions.

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23
Q

What are the organelles of the cytoplasm and their functions for the cell?

A

Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

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24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process by which chromosomes in the nucleus replicate and divide to form two new cells. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

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25
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis can be a form of asexual reproduction, where as meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction.

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26
Q

What is the triplet code?

A

Each sequence of three nitrogenous basis.

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27
Q

What are the roles of mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

mRNA carries the message containing the instructions for building a polypeptide from gene to ribosome. tRNA does not transport codes for synthesizing other molecules and is thus the final product of the genes that code for them.

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28
Q

What is the process of transcription?

A

Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.

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29
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

Decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

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30
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

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31
Q

How does aging affect cells?

A

Cells grow larger and are less able to reproduce.

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32
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the body and how things are related

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33
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body

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34
Q

What is Gross Anatomy and its 3 major subdivisions?

A

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys); Regional, systematic, surface

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35
Q

What is Microscopic Anatomy and its 2 major subdivisions?

A

The study of structures too small for the naked eye; Cytology, histology

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36
Q

What is Developmental Anatomy?

A

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span; Embryology

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37
Q

What are the three specialized branches of Physiology?

A

Reno physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiovascular physiology

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38
Q

What is the theory of complementarity?

A

That studying anatomy and physiology separately is nearly impossible, because function always reflects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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39
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in the body in order from small to large?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

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40
Q

What are the eight functions necessary for maintaining life?

A

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

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41
Q

What are the bodies five basic survival needs?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

42
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition

43
Q

What are the four components of homeostatic mechanisms

A

Variable, receptor, control center, effector

44
Q

What is negative feedback and give a specific example from the body?

A

Negative feedback is almost all change in the body, and the body’s natural instinct to make an opposite reaction to the change that has occurred; Getting a paper cut, the body recognizes the variable and goes through the homeostatic mechanisms until the change has been reversed.

45
Q

What is positive feedback and give a specific example from the body?

A

The onset of contractions in childbirth, called the Ferguson reflex

46
Q

What is Anatomical position?

A

The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing outward

47
Q

What are the two fundamental divisions of the body?

A

Axial and Apendicular

48
Q

What are the five planes of the body?

A

Sagittal, frontal, transverse, median and parasagittal

49
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

a cavity that is closed to the outside and provides different degrees of protection to the organs contained within them

50
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of the dorsal body cavity and what do they contain?

A

Cranial, in the skull and encases the brain and Vertebral, runs within the bony vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord.

51
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of the ventral body cavity and what do they contain?

A

Thoracic cavity, surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest and contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, etc. and the Abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm, contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum.

52
Q

What are elements?

A

Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

53
Q

What are the four elements that make up 96% of body weight?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Hydrogen

54
Q

What is the structure of an atom?

A

Clusters of smaller particles called protons, electrons and neutrons. Central nucleus containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together, and surrounded by orbiting electrons.

55
Q

How are elements identified?

A

Atomic number, mass number and atomic weight.

56
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and is written as a subscript to the left of the atomic symbol.

57
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The sum of the protons and the neutrons in the nucleus, superscript left of the atomic symbol on top.

58
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom with the same number of protons, and different numbers of neutrons.

59
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

Heavier, unstable isotopes of an element that spontanerously decompose into more stable forms.

60
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

Average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature.

61
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A particle made up of a group of atoms that are chemically bonded.

62
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

63
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed, not chemically bonded.

64
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, solids.

65
Q

What is a colloid?

A

Also called emulsions, are heterogeneous mixtures, which means that their composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture. Usually appear translucent or milky.

66
Q

What is a suspension?

A

Heterogenous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

67
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

An energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms. When atoms combine with other atoms.

68
Q

What is the Octet rule?

A

When atoms combine, stability is achieved with 8 valence electrons except for the first shell which contains 2.

69
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Chemical bond that occurs when an atom transfers an electron to another atom.

70
Q

What is an anion?

A

When an atom gains an electron giving it a negative charge.

71
Q

What is a cation?

A

When an atom loses an electron giving it a positive charge.

72
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

73
Q

What is the difference between a polar and non-polar bond?

A

An electrically balanced molecule formed is non-polar, while an unequal electron pair sharing is polar.

74
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Form when a hydrogen atom, already linked to one electronegative atom, usually oxygen or nitrogen, is attracted by another electron-hungry atom so that a “bridge” forms between them. More like weak attractions.

75
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken.

76
Q

What is a chemical equation?

A

Chemical reactions in symbolic form.

77
Q

What is a synthesis reaction?

A

When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. Always involves bond formation.

78
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.

79
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

Decomposition reactions in that they are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy (in which ATP is produced)

80
Q

Are chemical reactions reversible?

A

Theoretically. It is indicated by a double arrow.

81
Q

What factors increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

Force of collisions (needs enough force to overcome repulsion between their electrons), Temperature, Concentration, Particle size and Catalysts.

82
Q

What properties does water have that make it the most important inorganic molecule?

A

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity and cushioning.

83
Q

What are salts?

A

An ionic compound containing cations other than Hydrogen ions and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-).

84
Q

What are acids and bases?

A

An acid tastes sour, reactes with metals and carbonates, and turns blue lithmus paper red (a substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectible amounts, also called proton donors). A base tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red lithmus paper blue. (takes up hydrogen ions in detectible amounts, also called proton acceptors).

85
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt.

86
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

87
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions.

88
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes starches, sugars and cellulose.

89
Q

What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

To provide a ready easily used source of cellular fuel.

90
Q

What are lipids and what are the four kinds of lipids in the body?

A

Insoluble in water but dissolves readily in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.Contains oxygen, hydrogen and oxygen. Four kinds of lipids in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and eicosanoids.

91
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and many contain sulfur and phosphorous.

92
Q

What are the four structural levels of proteins?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

93
Q

What is the difference between fibrous and globular proteins?

A

Fibrous proteins are extended and strand like, globular proteins are compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure.

94
Q

What is an enzyme and what does it do in the body?

A

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts.Traffic cops that keep the metabolic pathways flowing

95
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous, they are the largest molecules in the body.

96
Q

What are the five nitrogenous bases present in nucleic acids?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil.

97
Q

What is DNA and what is its structure?

A

A long double-stranded polymer, a double chain of nucleotides. A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism’s hereditary information.

98
Q

What is the specific bonding of complementary bases in DNA?

A

A always bonds to T; G always bonds to C

99
Q

What is RNA and what bases is it made of?

A

What is RNA and what bases is it made of?

100
Q

What is ATP and what does it do in the body?

A

Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells.

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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