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Pharmacology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

glycine

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2
Q

What drugs work on the nervous system

A 
Anaesthetics 
Anxiolytics hypnotic 
Neurotransmuscular blocking
Antidepressants
Antiparkinsonian
Anticonvulsants
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3
Q

What do general anaesthetics promote

A

Analgesia
Unconsciousness
Amnesia
Loss of reflex

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4
Q

How do general anaesthetics work

A

They suppress messages from crossing the CNS
lipid soluble and cross blood brain barrier/ dissolve in cerebral spinal fluid
Act upon membrane receptors to reduce neurone excitability.
Can effect ion channels

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5
Q

What are the side effects of general anaesthetics

A 
.nausea/ vomiting
. Low bp/ cardiac output
. Shallow and rapid breathing rate
. Loss temperature control
. Kidney perfusion 
. Can cross placenta
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6
Q

What are the phases of anaesthesia

A

Introduction- intravenous
Quick & irreversible

Maintenance- inhalation
Reversible and manageable, mask cause issues

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7
Q

The four stages of anaesthesia

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement/aggravation
  3. Surgical anaesthesia- muscle loss reflex loss
  4. Medullary paralysis- can’t breath
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8
Q

What does nitrous oxide do

A 
General anaesthetic.
Maintain anaesthesia with oxygen
Used sometimes in labour
Combined with drugs
High potency
  • can damage foetus
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9
Q

What types of gases can be used as local anaesthetics

Rane

A

Isoflurane (less CV expected)
Desflurane (can cause bronchide constitution)
Sevoflurane (effects ware quick)

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10
Q

What is an intravenous non barbiturate general anaesthetic

A

Propofol

  • rapid action and recovery
  • can cause conclusions and anaphylaxis
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11
Q

What is a barbiturate example

A

Thiopental
Used in brief procedures
Have rapid awakening and long lasting sedation

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12
Q

What are two examples of general anaesthetics

A

Etomide

  • no hangover no hypotension
  • some muscle movements and suppressed adrenal function

Ketamine

  • used in shocked patients and children
  • increases HR & BP
  • may cause bad dreams or hallucinations
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13
Q

Examples of anxiolytics/ hyptonics

Pam

A

BENZODIAZEPINES

midozolam- 20min before surgery
Temazepam - dental treatment
Diazepam

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14
Q

How do anxiolytics work

A

Increase GABA in brain to suppress anxiety.

  • not excessive, low dose, hypotension, amnesia, no analgesic affect.
  • dependency respiratory depression and can cross plasma- interact with alcohol.
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15
Q

How do neuromuscular blockers work

A

Block the motor nerve transmissions
Reduce the need for deep anaesthesia
Relax the vocal chord for intubation

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16
Q

What are the negatives to neuromuscular blockers

A

Need assisted respiration whilst on them
There is a chance of prolonged paralysis and pain
If histamine is released there’s chance of bronchi spasm

17
Q

What are non depolarising blockers

Ium

A

ACH antagonists.
- compete with ach for nicotinic receptors at NMJ

Atracurium - short acting rapid
Pancuronium - longer

18
Q

What are depolarising blockers

Ium

A

Mimic ACH in order to sustain depolarised muscle and paralysis

Short term

Suxamethonium

19
Q

How do narcotics work

IL

A

CNS

pain relief
Euphoric
Morphine post op

Se- nausea vom bradycardia

20
Q

How do local anaesthetics work

A

Block neuro transmissions to the brain in terms of pain receptors.
Brain-Spinal chord- block - nociceptor

In the cell they stop sodium entering

21
Q

How are local anaesthetics administered

A

Epidural

Intradermal/ topical when minor or superficial

22
Q

Examples of local anaesthetics

Caines

A

Lidocaine (dental or premature ejaculation)

Prilocaine (mix with lidocaine in cream for surface anaesthesia)

23
Q

Side effects of local anaesthetics

A 
Hypersensitivity 
Restlessness
Cardio depression
Abnormal heart beat
Convlusions
24
Q

What are vasoconstrictors

A

Have high potency and prolonged drug action
High safety margin
Reduce blood flow to recuse blood loss surgery

Adrenaline

25
Q

What are the three types of antidepressants

A

Triac- imipramine. Dry mouth, constipation.

SSRI- fluoxetine. Convulsions, nausea, diohrea

MAOI- phenelzine. Dizzy/ nausea/ insomnia.

Increase excitatory neurotransmitters in brain

26
Q

How do antiparkinsonia drugs work

A

Increase dopamine

27
Q

How do anticonvulsants work

A

Used in epilepsy.

Decrease conduction of exciting nerve I pluses by increasing GABA.

28
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters

A 
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Ach
Glutamate
Serotonin

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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