Endocrionology Flashcards
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism
CNS- slow speech, tired, hypoflexia
CV system- hypotension, bradycherdia, anaemia
Metabolism- weight gain, intolerant to Cold.
Why does a goitre appear in hyperthyroidism
TSH receptors are activated by antibodies, mimic t4, they bind to the gland.
Why does a goitre appear in hypothyroidism
Isn’t enough t3 or t4 or iodine and so negative feedback is compromised, meaning that instead of being released the t3&4 is stored.
What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism
Carbizamole
Stops thyroxine synthesis.
S/e- rash, nausea, hypothyroidism in baby, insomnia.
What is the treatment for hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine
Substitute thyroxine.
How does the thyroid affect calcium
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes capsicum re-absorption in the kidney
What is hypercalcaemia caused by
Kidney problems, renal failure or stones.
Muscular problems.
What is hypocalcaemia caused by
Not enough calcium being taken in. A lack of vitamin d. Renal failure.
Low PTH
What is the treatment for hypercalcaemia
Alendronic acid (bisophosphates)
Slows down bone growth to prevent calcium loss.
Can cuase abdominal pain, GI issues, osopheogeal problems.
Take 1/2 hour after eat.
What is the treatment for hypocalcaemia
Ergocalciferol
(Vitamin D)
Can only be used in those with healthy kidneys.
What are the two types of steroids and there actions.
Mineralocorticoids
- maintain electrolyte balance
Glucocorticoids
- increase glucose mobilisation
- decrease WBC
- increase stress resistance by suppressing the immune system.
What is the use of hydrocortisone
Treated Addison’s disease and adrenal insufficiency. (Oral low).
Treat acute allergic reactions or eczema. (Topical).
What is the use of prednisolone
Orally administered.
Treat acute asthma attack.
What is the use of dexamethosone
Increases the inflammatory action to treated cerebral oedema.
Can be given orally or parentaly.
What is the use of becalmetasone
Used to control asthma.
Inhaled.
What are the side effects of taking steroids orally.
Moon face Stunted growth Thin skin Hypotension Increased fat around lower abdomen Suppressed immune system Muscle weakness
What are the side effects of taking steroids through inhalation.
Increased chance of developing oral thrush.
Vocal chord damage causing hoarseness.
What are the ‘other’ side effects or steroids.
Can cause psychosis. Can cause chicken pox. Immunosuppression Adrenal suppression Mood changes GIT changes Addisons crisis if brought off fast Physiological stress
How does the combined pill work
Stops ovulation via oestrogen and progesterone causing negative feedback.
Its metabolised by the liver and excreted in the bile.
What are the positives of the combined pill
It can regulate menstrual cycle (dysmenorrhea)
Reliable and reversible
Can reduce PMT
Reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer
Can be taken in high dose as morning after pill
What are the negatives to the combined pill
MI/ stroke risk especially in smokers and those over 35.
Increase chance of venous thromboembolic disease.
Hypertension.
Cancer breast or cervical.
How does the mini pill work
Progesterone only.
Prevents the implantation of an egg in the uterus by altering the endometrium and cervical mucous.
Can stop ovulation (-40%)
Orally taken
How does medroxyprogrsterone work
Progesterone only
Injection every 3 months
Can cause coming thing nausea and breast discomfort
What are the risks of taking contraceptive pills
Interact with hepatic enzyme inducers and increase metabolism.
Some antibodies have a similar effect and so reduce the effectiveness.
