Endocrionology

Question 1

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 1

CNS- slow speech, tired, hypoflexia
CV system- hypotension, bradycherdia, anaemia
Metabolism- weight gain, intolerant to Cold.

Question 2

Why does a goitre appear in hyperthyroidism

Answer 2

TSH receptors are activated by antibodies, mimic t4, they bind to the gland.

Question 3

Why does a goitre appear in hypothyroidism

Answer 3

Isn’t enough t3 or t4 or iodine and so negative feedback is compromised, meaning that instead of being released the t3&4 is stored.

Question 4

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism

Answer 4

Carbizamole

Stops thyroxine synthesis.
S/e- rash, nausea, hypothyroidism in baby, insomnia.

Question 5

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism

Answer 5

Levothyroxine

Substitute thyroxine.

Question 6

How does the thyroid affect calcium

Answer 6

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes capsicum re-absorption in the kidney

Question 7

What is hypercalcaemia caused by

Answer 7

Kidney problems, renal failure or stones.

Muscular problems.

Question 8

What is hypocalcaemia caused by

Answer 8

Not enough calcium being taken in. A lack of vitamin d. Renal failure.
Low PTH

Question 9

What is the treatment for hypercalcaemia

Answer 9

Alendronic acid (bisophosphates)

Slows down bone growth to prevent calcium loss.

Can cuase abdominal pain, GI issues, osopheogeal problems.

Take 1/2 hour after eat.

Question 10

What is the treatment for hypocalcaemia

Answer 10

Ergocalciferol
(Vitamin D)

Can only be used in those with healthy kidneys.

Question 11

What are the two types of steroids and there actions.

Answer 11

Mineralocorticoids
- maintain electrolyte balance

Glucocorticoids

• increase glucose mobilisation
• decrease WBC
• increase stress resistance by suppressing the immune system.

Question 12

What is the use of hydrocortisone

Answer 12

Treated Addison’s disease and adrenal insufficiency. (Oral low).

Treat acute allergic reactions or eczema. (Topical).

Question 13

What is the use of prednisolone

Answer 13

Orally administered.

Treat acute asthma attack.

Question 14

What is the use of dexamethosone

Answer 14

Increases the inflammatory action to treated cerebral oedema.
Can be given orally or parentaly.

Question 15

What is the use of becalmetasone

Answer 15

Used to control asthma.

Inhaled.

Question 16

What are the side effects of taking steroids orally.

Answer 16

Moon face
Stunted growth
Thin skin
Hypotension 
Increased fat around lower abdomen
Suppressed immune system
Muscle weakness

Question 17

What are the side effects of taking steroids through inhalation.

Answer 17

Increased chance of developing oral thrush.

Vocal chord damage causing hoarseness.

Question 18

What are the ‘other’ side effects or steroids.

Answer 18

Can cause psychosis.
Can cause chicken pox. 
Immunosuppression
Adrenal suppression
Mood changes
GIT changes
Addisons crisis if brought off fast
Physiological stress

Question 19

How does the combined pill work

Answer 19

Stops ovulation via oestrogen and progesterone causing negative feedback.
Its metabolised by the liver and excreted in the bile.

Question 20

What are the positives of the combined pill

Answer 20

It can regulate menstrual cycle (dysmenorrhea)
Reliable and reversible
Can reduce PMT
Reduce ovarian and endometrial cancer
Can be taken in high dose as morning after pill

Question 21

What are the negatives to the combined pill

Answer 21

MI/ stroke risk especially in smokers and those over 35.
Increase chance of venous thromboembolic disease.
Hypertension.
Cancer breast or cervical.

Question 22

How does the mini pill work

Answer 22

Progesterone only.
Prevents the implantation of an egg in the uterus by altering the endometrium and cervical mucous.
Can stop ovulation (-40%)
Orally taken

Question 23

How does medroxyprogrsterone work

Answer 23

Progesterone only
Injection every 3 months

Can cause coming thing nausea and breast discomfort

Question 24

What are the risks of taking contraceptive pills

Answer 24

Interact with hepatic enzyme inducers and increase metabolism.
Some antibodies have a similar effect and so reduce the effectiveness.

Question 25

What is the role of HRT and the risks

Answer 25

For post menopausal women.
They decrease oestrogen levels and increase LH/FSH
They cess action of ovulation.

Risks of CV distress. Oestropsis. Cancer or throombolyic disorder.

Question 26

What is the treatment for breast cancer

Answer 26

Tamoxifen.

Decreases oestrogen levels by acting as an antagonist on receptors.

Question 27

What is used as a fertility treatment

Answer 27

Clomiphene

Stimulates ovulation.
Oestrogen antagonist at the thalamus receptors. Stops feedback of LH/FSH.

Question 28

What does somatatropin do

Answer 28

Similar to hGH
Given parentaly in children
Can be given after pituitary surgery or if sufferer of turners syndrome.

S/e- insulin resistance, swelling at site, headache, joint pain.

Question 29

What does oxytocin do

Answer 29

Induce labour or abortion
reduces chances of post partom haemorrhage.

Prostaglandins cause the muscles to contracts- labour

Question 30

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 30

CNS- Anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, tremor.
Cv system- low fever, intolerant to heat, hunger.
Metabolism- weight loss

Can lead to Graves’ disease.