Chemotherapy

Question 1

What are the four types of drugs to treat cancer

Answer 1

. Cytotoxic
. Hormones
. Protein kinase inhibitors
. Monoclonal antibodies

Question 2

What are the four sub categorical types of cytotoxic treatment

Answer 2

. Alkylating agents
. Plant derivatives
. Antimetabodies
. Cytotoxic antibodies

Question 3

What are the four types of alkylating agents?

Answer 3

. Nitrosources
. Platinum compounds
. Nitrogen mustards
. Other

Question 4

What are the three types of antimetabodies?

Answer 4

. Methotrexate
. Pyrimaine analogues
. Burine analogues

Question 5

What are the 6 types of chemo hormone therapies

Answer 5

. Oestrogen
. Progesterone
. Glucocorticoids
. Gnrh 
. Somastosain analogues 
. Hormone antagonists

Question 6

What drug is used to control nausea and vomiting due to cancer treatment

Answer 6

. Ondansotron & granisetron

Question 7

What drug is used to control anxiety in cancer patients

Answer 7

. Lorazepam

Question 8

What is used to treat mylosuppression in cancer patients

Answer 8

. Stem cell translplant

. Autologous, allogenic

Question 9

What acts on the S phase of cells, and forms covalent bonds when DNA strands separate, prohibiting replication

Answer 9

. Alkylating agents

Question 10

What are the side effects of alkylating agents

Answer 10

. Sterilisation (men)

. Increase chances non-lymph lukiema

Question 11

What are 3 examples of nitrogen mustards (ine)

Answer 11

. Mechlorethamine
. Cylophophamine
. Estramustine

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of the nitrogen mustard cylophophamine

Answer 12

. Pro drug which is taken oral and then acts in the liver, to phosphurmae muscle acrotein, to haem cyst.

Question 13

How do nitrosourceas work

Answer 13

. Highly lipophilic so cross the bbb to the cns

Question 14

What nitrosourceas is taken orally

Answer 14

Lomustine

Question 15

What nitrosourceas is administered via IV

Answer 15

Carmustine

Question 16

How do platinum compounds work

Answer 16

Bind to DNA and RNA. Are a potent alkylator

Question 17

3 platinum compounds

Answer 17

. Cisplanin
. Carbofanin
. Oxliplatin

Question 18

When is oxaliplatin used to treat cancer

Answer 18

Colon cancer

Question 19

Why would you use carbofanin instead of cisplanin to treat cancer

Answer 19

Less side effects

Question 20

What cancer treatment is highly neurotoxic and causes nausea and vomiting

Answer 20

. Cisplanin

Question 21

What alkylating agent is used to treat cancer of the bone marrow and leukaemia

Answer 21

Buisofan

Question 22

Which alkylating agent is used to treat hodgekins lymphoma

Answer 22

. Procarbonzine

Question 23

What alkylating agent is hepatoxic

Answer 23

Trabectaclin

Question 24

What mechanism of action do antimetabodies take

Answer 24

They are folate antagonists which prevent cell mitosis

Question 25

How does methotrexate work

Answer 25

It prevents dinydroforide reductase

Question 26

What are the down falls of methotrexate

Answer 26

. It acts on the kidneys so can't be used in people with kidney failure . People can gain tolerance . It causes immuno suppression . It has low lipid solubility

Question 27

How is methotrexate administered

Answer 27

. Oral, IV or IM

Question 28

What kind of cancer drug competes with C&T bases that make up DNA & RNA, stopping DNA synthesis

Answer 28

Pyrimaine analogues

Question 29

What are three pyrimaine analogues

Answer 29

. Flurouracil . Capedtiatine (palliative and colon) . Cytarabine

Question 30

What cancer drug competes with AIG and stops Putine being metabolised

Answer 30

Burine analogues

Question 31

Name a burine analogue

Answer 31

Mefcaptopurine

Question 32

What cancer drugs stop tropisomerase ||s action

Answer 32

. Cytotoxic antibodies

Question 33

Which cytotoxic antibody binds to DNA to stop synthesis

Answer 33

Doxorobian

Question 34

Which cytotoxic antibody stops pre formed DNA against gO cells

Answer 34

Bleomicin

Question 35

How do plant derivates work

Answer 35

. Stop polymerisation of tubin, stopping spindle formation

Question 36

Name 3 plant derivatives

Answer 36

. Vinctristine . Vinblastine . Vindesine

Question 37

What plant derivatives are used to treat advanced breast or ovarian cancer

Answer 37

Paclifaxel

Question 38

How do protein kinase inhibitors work

Answer 38

. Stop tyrosine kinase, which is involved in the signalling pathways

Question 39

What are the down falls of protein kinase inhibitors

Answer 39

. They are cytotoxic . Can build up resistance . Give a high dose for 2-3 week at a time then allow 6 months as bone marrow is damaged

Question 40

What is used to treat citromic myleinoid leukaemia

Answer 40

Protein kinase inhibitors

Question 41

Name two protein kinase inhibitors

Answer 41

. Imatinib | . Dasatrib

Question 42

How do monoclonal antibodies work

Answer 42

. Immunotherapy | . React to specific targets to activate immune system, resulting in lysis of cancer cells

Question 43

What is one strength and weakness of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 43

😊 less side effects | 😔 expensive and need combining

Question 44

What monoclonal antibody works by binding to CD2O lymphoma cells

Answer 44

Ritaximab | - causes low bp fever and chills

Question 45

What monoclonal antibody works by binding HER and inducing an immune response to stop cell cycle

Answer 45

. transtuzumab | . Causes tremor, low bp, palp

Question 46

What monoclonal antibody is used to treat chronic leukaemia or lymphoma

Answer 46

. Ofotumab

Question 47

What monoclonal antibody is used to treat colorectal cancer and is administered IV

Answer 47

. Bevaclzumab

Question 48

How do hormones work to treat cancer

Answer 48

. Stop r antagonists, and stop hormone actions or endogenous hormones.

Question 49

How do oestrogens work in cancer treatment

Answer 49

. Antagonist to androgen dependant prostate cancer

Question 50

What are the side effects of oestrogen treatments

Answer 50

. N&v . Thrombosis . Fluid retention

Question 51

What is an example of an oestrogen hormone cancer treatment

Answer 51

Ethinyoestradiol

Question 52

What are two exposes of progesterone hormone cancer treatments

Answer 52

. Notetgisterine | . Megesterol

Question 53

Name two GnRH analogues

Answer 53

. Goseratin | . Tiptorelin

Question 54

Name 5 hormone antagonists

Answer 54

``` . Tamoxifen . Flurestiant (stop oestrogen Rs) . Leturzo (breast) . Cyproterone (prostate) .exemasine ```

Question 55

What are the glucocorticoids prednisolone and beclametasone used for in cancer treatment

Answer 55

. Managing symptoms . Alongside cytotoxic . Stop lymphoma proliferation