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anatomy > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

afferent

A

sensory

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2
Q

efferent

A

motor

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3
Q

integrative

A

interneurons

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4
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary

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5
Q

somatic

A

voluntary

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6
Q

“fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

“rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

visceral

A

involving organs

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9
Q

the central vervous system consists of what

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists of what

A

nerves and ganglia

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11
Q

What are the two major divisions of the PNS?

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

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12
Q

What are the two major divisions of the motor nervous system?

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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14
Q

What is the big difference between neurons and neuroglia?

A

neurons send and receive electrical messages (excitable)

neuroglia support and protect neurons but don’t send or receive electrical messages

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15
Q

make myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

make myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes

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17
Q

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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18
Q

clean up dead and damaged cells in the CNS

A

microglia

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19
Q

most abundant and versatile glial cell, forms blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

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20
Q

surround nerve cell bodies in the PNS

A

satellite cells

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21
Q

short, numerous, receptive processes of neurons

A

dendrites

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22
Q

long, conductive process, carries impulse away from the neuron cell body

A

axon

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23
Q

biosynthetic center of a neuron

A

cell body/soma

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24
Q

chromatophilic substance, rough ER in a nerve cell body

A

Nissl bodies

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25
Q

bundles of fibers inside a nerve that help with structure and stability

A

neurofibrils

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26
Q

“aging pigment” that is a lysosomal product

A

lipofuscin

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27
Q

cone-shaped first part of an axon where the impulse is initiated

A

axon hillock

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28
Q

branches of the axon

A

axon collaterals

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29
Q

secretive ends of a neuron

A

axon terminals

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30
Q

enlarged ends of axon terminals

A

synaptic bulbs

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31
Q

store neurotransmitter inside synaptic bulb

A

synaptic vesicle

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32
Q

when things are transported from the cell body toward the axon terminals

A

anterograde

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33
Q

when things are transported from the axon terminals toward the cell body

A

retrograde

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34
Q

fatty covering over an axon that allows messages to travel faster

A

myelin

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35
Q

myelin sheath gaps

A

nodes of Ranvier

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36
Q

the lighter regions of the brain and spinal cord covered in myelin

A

white matter

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37
Q

the darker regions of the brain and spinal cord not covered in myelin

A

gray matter

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38
Q

clumps of cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

39
Q

clumps of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

40
Q

bundles of axons in the CNS

A

tracts

41
Q

bundles of axons outside the CNS

A

PNS

42
Q

the exposed portion of a Schwann cell membrane

A

neurolemma

43
Q

Give 2 reasons retrograde transport is significant.

A

allows some viruses to move to the cell body and used as a tool for introducing viruses to treat genetic disorders

44
Q

Which structural neuron type is most common?

A

multipolar

45
Q

Which structural neuron type is least common?

A

bipolar

46
Q

What happens to opposite charges?

A

attract

47
Q

What is needed to keep opposite charges apart?

A

energy

48
Q

the difference in charge across a membrane

A

potential difference

49
Q

What happens when opposite charges are allowed to come together?

A

energy is released

50
Q

the unit used to measure the difference in charge between two points

A

volts

51
Q

a tool to measure the difference in charge between two points

A

voltmeter

52
Q

the flow of electrical charge from one point to another

A

current

53
Q

the hindrance to current flow

A

resistance

54
Q

the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance is shown by this

A

Ohm’s Law

55
Q

substances with high electrical resistance

A

insulators

56
Q

substances with low electrical resistance

A

conductors

57
Q

What provides resistance to current in neurons?

A

plasma (cell) membrane

58
Q

the chemicals which serve as ion channels

A

proteins

59
Q

channels that are always open

A

leakage (nongated)

60
Q

channels that open when a specific neurotransmitter binds to it

A

chemically (ligand) gated

61
Q

channels that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

A

voltage-gated

62
Q

channels that open when receptors are physically deformed

A

mechanically gated

63
Q

how ions move passively from high to low concentration and toward opposite charges

A

electrochemical gradient

64
Q

the difference in charge on either side of a resting neuron membrane

A

resting potential

65
Q

having opposite charged ends or sides

A

polarized

66
Q

a loss of charge difference

A

depolarization

67
Q

an increase in membrane resting potential, the inside becomes more negative

A

hyperpolarization

68
Q

a local change in membrane potential, magnitude varies with signal strength

A

graded potential

69
Q

the minimum stimulus needed to cause a response

A

threshold

70
Q

a weak stimulus that doesn’t cause a response

A

subthreshold

71
Q

when the message is sent along the axon

A

propagated

72
Q

the nerve either sends the message or doesn’t, nothing in between

A

all-or-none phenomenon

73
Q

the time when a neuron can not respond

A

absolute refractory period

74
Q

the time when the threshold stimulus is greatly elevated

A

relative refractory period

75
Q

How are the gates arranged when the neuron is resting?

A

all closed

76
Q

What gates open to depolarize the membrane and send the action potential

A

Na+

77
Q

What gates open to repolarize the membrane?

A

K+

78
Q

a nerve impulse, long-distance signal

A

action potential

79
Q

What is the purpose of graded potentials?

A

cause action potentials

80
Q

What 2 factors affect the speed of a nerve impulse?

A

diameter of fiber and amount of myelin

81
Q

slow impulse conduction in unmyelinated fiber

A

continuous

82
Q

fast impulse conduction in myelinated fibers

A

saltatory

83
Q

an autoimmune disease characterized by hardened lesions on the myelin sheaths

A

multiple sclerosis

84
Q

large diameter fibers with thick myelin, fastest

A

Group A

85
Q

small, unmyelinated fibers, slowest

A

Group C

86
Q

medium thick fibers with light myelin

A

Group B

87
Q

quick successive stimuli summate to increase the amplitude of a graded potential

A

temporal summation

88
Q

multiple stimuli at different locations increases the amplitude of a graded potential

A

spatial summation

89
Q

immature nerve cells

A

neuroblasts

90
Q

What happens to most neuroblasts

A

die if don’t make good connections

91
Q

Why are most tumors of the nervous system gliomas?

A

neurons are so specialized that they have lost the ability to divide

92
Q

What three things disrupt nerve messages?

A

local anesthetics block Na channels

cold and pressure disrupt blood flow

93
Q

What ions are responsible for the resting potential or charge difference in a resting neuron?

A

Na+ and K+

anatomy (9 decks)

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