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chapter 4 - histology Flashcards

1
Q

the study of tissues

A

histology

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2
Q

the four major types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

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3
Q

the tissue that covers, lines, and secretes

A

epithelial

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4
Q

the tissue that contracts to cause movement

A

muscle

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5
Q

the tissue that conducts electrical messages

A

nerve

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6
Q

the tissue that holds things together and fills in spaces

A

connective

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7
Q

a group of cells working together

A

tissue

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8
Q

the type of microscope that is used most in histology

A

electron microscope

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9
Q

tiny microscopic cell extensions that increase the surface area of cells to help with absorption and secretion

A

microvilli

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10
Q

cell extensions that sweep materials along the cell surface

A

cilia

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11
Q

longer cell extensions with unknown function

A

stereocilia

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12
Q

Where in the body is known for having many microvilli?

A

small intestine

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13
Q

Where in the body is known for having many cilia

A

airways

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14
Q

Where in the body is known for having stereocilia?

A

inner ear and male reproductive tract

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15
Q

the term meaning having no blood vessels

A

avascular

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16
Q

the term meaning having a blood supply

A

vascular

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17
Q

What major tissue type is avascular?

A

epithelial

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18
Q

How does the epithelium get its nutrition?

A

diffusion from the CT beneath it

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19
Q

What is the name of the layer that separates the epithelium from the CT?

A

basement membrane

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the basement membrane?

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

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21
Q

What term is used to describe epithelial cells (particularly columnar) that are empty at the top and full of organelles at the bottom

A

polar

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22
Q

the specialized connections between epithelial cells

A

cell junctions

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23
Q

Name the three types of epithelial cell junctions.

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. tight junctions
  3. desmosomes
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24
Q

Which cell junction is a passageway allowing chemical communication between cells?

A

gap junction

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25
Q

Which cell junction is water proof due to the fusion of the lipid layers?

A

tight junction

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26
Q

Which cell junction is reinforced with fibers to make it exceptionally strong?

A

desmosome

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27
Q

What is a common place to find gap junctions?

A

smooth and cardiac muscle

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28
Q

What is a common place to find tight junctions?

A

digestive tract

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29
Q

What is a common place to find desmosomes?

A

skin and cardiac muscle

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30
Q

the ability of a tissue to regrow

A

regeneration

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31
Q

the three shapes of epithelial tissue

A
  1. squamous - flat
  2. cuboidal - equally tall as wide
  3. columnar - taller than wide
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32
Q

the two most common layering arrangements in epithelium

A

simple - 1 layer

stratified - many layers

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33
Q

the bottom of epithelium - attached surface

A

basal surface

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34
Q

the exposed or unattached surface of epithelium

A

apical surface

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35
Q

falsely layered

A

pseudostratified

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36
Q

epithelium that can stretch or distend

A

transitional

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37
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

urinary bladder

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38
Q

Which is more protective, simple or stratified epithelia?

A

stratified

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39
Q

Name the two major types of simple squamous epithelium.

A
  1. endothelium - inner covering

2. mesothelium - middle covering

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40
Q

Where is endothelium found? Why?

A

lining cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels to allow diffusion

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41
Q

Where is mesothelim found? Why?

A

serous membranes - to be slippery

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42
Q

Why is simple squamous the right tissue for alveoli of lungs and capillaries?

A

to allow diffusion

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43
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium always topped with?

A

cilia

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44
Q

Why does pseudostratified epithelium appear layered?

A

nuclei are at various heights but each cell actually touches the basement membrane

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45
Q

the cells that are reproducing (2 terms)

A
  1. stem cells

2. germinative cells (germ cells)

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46
Q

Where in your body do you have stratified squamous epithelium?

A

skin, lining of mouth and throat, lining of anus, lining of vagina - places with abrasion

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47
Q

What is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia?

A

keratinized - waterproof and dry - filled with keratin

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48
Q

a group of cells that secrete

A

gland

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49
Q

a unicellular gland

A

goblet cell

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50
Q

What do goblet cells produce, and what is the function?

A

mucus - lubricate, prevent drying, trap dirt

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51
Q

Name the two major types of multicellular glands.

A
  1. endocrine

2. exocrine

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52
Q

glands with ducts to dump their secretions onto an epithelial surface

A

exocrine

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53
Q

glands without ducts, secretions called hormones go into the blood to travel around the entire body

A

endocrine

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54
Q

Name the three functional types of exocrine glands.

A
  1. merocrine
  2. apocrine
  3. holocrine
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55
Q

Which exocrine secretion is the most watery because it is produced only by exocytosis of secretory vesicles? Give 2 examples.

A

merocrine (eccrine)

  1. perspiration
  2. saliva
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56
Q

Which exocrine gland is thicker because part of the cytoplasm is released with the secretion? Give 2 examples.

A

apocrine

  1. apocrine sweat - armpits and anogenital area
  2. breast milk
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57
Q

Why does apocrine sweat stink unlike merocrine sweat?

A

bacteria feed on apocrine sweat, and the bacteria stink

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58
Q

Which exocrine gland secretion is the thickest? Give an example.

A

holocrine

1. oil (sebum)

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59
Q

Why do holocrine glands have so much mitosis going on?

A

The cells need to be replaced.

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60
Q

What is the study of cells that fall off?

A

exfoliative cytology

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61
Q

Name two tests that are examples of exfoliative cytology, and say what each studies.

A
  1. Pap smear - tests for cervical cancer

2. amniocentesis - tests for chromosome errors in developing babies

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62
Q

Name the three major types of connective tissue (CT).

A
  1. CT proper
  2. fluid CT
  3. supporting CT
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63
Q

Name the two major types of CT proper, and give examples of each.

A
  1. loose CT proper - adipose (fat)

2. dense CT proper - ligaments and tendons

64
Q

Name the two types of dense CT proper, and explain how they get their names with examples.

A
  1. dense regular - fibers run in same direction
    - ligaments and tendons
  2. dense irregular - fibers run in multiple directions
    - joint capsule
65
Q

Name two examples of supporting CT, and explain how they are related.

A
  1. cartilage - flexible
  2. bone - calcified (hardened)
    Bone begins as cartilage.
66
Q

Name two examples of fluid CT, and explain how they are related.

A
  1. blood - in blood vessels
  2. lymph - in lymphatic vessels
    Lymph is formed by blood plasma that leaks out of blood vessels, bathes tissues to give them nutrients and oxygen, and then is picked up and filtered through the lymph nodes
67
Q

embryonic CT - where all adult CT begins

A

mesenchyme

68
Q

What is the one CT that is avascular, and how does this have an effect on this tissue?

A

cartilage - doesn’t heal well

69
Q

What are the three types of fibers in CT? Describe each.

A
  1. collagen - straight and strong
  2. elastic - thin and flexible, snap back
  3. reticular - extensive, fine and branched
70
Q

What is the fluid in CT? What is it like, and why?

A

ground substance - viscous to slow bacterial movement

71
Q

together, the fibers and ground substance make up the what of CT?

72
Q

immature CT cells that produce fibers

A

fibroblasts

73
Q

immature cartilage cells/mature cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts/chondrocytes

74
Q

immature bone cells/mature bone cells

A

osteoblasts/osteocytes

75
Q

immature blood cell that makes all other blood cells

A

hematopoietic stem cell

76
Q

large white blood cells that eat germs and stay in one place - large white blood cells that eat germs and move around

A

fixed macrophages - free macrophages

77
Q

small white blood cells that eat germs

A

microphages

78
Q

cells that make histamine and heparin to cause swelling

A

mast cells

79
Q

white blood cells that make antibodies

A

lymphocytes

80
Q

cells that produce a brown, black pigment

A

melanocyte

81
Q

fat cell

82
Q

another name for loose CT

83
Q

another name for dense CT

A

collagenous

84
Q

swelling

85
Q

What is the difference between brown fat and yellow or white fat

A

brown fat - baby fat - has many mitochondria and a good blood supply for warming babies that can’t shiver

86
Q

What about adipocytes makes it hard to lose weight but easy to gain weight?

A

When adipocytes shrink, they send messages to your body to slow down your metabolism because they think you are starving. Mesenchyme will readily make new fat cells.

87
Q

Where does the fat come from that fills the adipocytes?

A

taking in more calories than you burn - store excess as fat

88
Q

Why do fat cells look empty?

A

The lipid droplet pushes the organelles out of the middle along the edge.

89
Q

What are the functions of stored fat?

A

insulate, cushion, store energy

90
Q

Where does fat accumulate?

A

any areolar tissue - superficial fascia

91
Q

What connects bone to bone?

92
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

93
Q

a sheetlike tendon

A

aponeurosis

94
Q

Name the three major types of cartilage, and describe each.

A
  1. hyaline cartilage - glassy appearance - can’t see fibers
  2. elastic cartilage - very flexible due to elastic fibers
  3. fibrocartilage - very tough due to collagen
95
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most common? Where is it found

A

hyaline - at ends of bones, between ribs and sternum

96
Q

Give three places we find elastic cartilage.

A

tip of nose, ears, epiglottis

97
Q

Give two places we find fibrocartilage.

A

intervertebral discs, knee cartilage

98
Q

What are the spaces that cartilage and bone cells reside in?

99
Q

What is the outer layer of a cartilage?

A

perichondrium

100
Q

What is cartilage made mostly of?

101
Q

What two chemicals are common in cartilage?

A

chondroiten sulfate and hyaluronic acid

102
Q

What is the name for bone?

A

osseous tissue

103
Q

Give two ways bone is different from cartilage.

A

calcified, blood vessels (vascular)

104
Q

What are the tiny passageways that connect bone cells?

A

canaliculi

105
Q

What are the three formed elements in blood, and what does each do?

A
  1. erythrocytes (RBC) - carry oxygen
  2. leukocytes (WBC) - fight infection
  3. platelets - clot
106
Q

What makes blood different from other CT?

A

watery matrix - no fibers unless clotting

107
Q

the liquid part of blood, contains dissolved oxygen , nutrients, hormones, wastes, antibodies…

108
Q

Name and describe the three major blood vessels.

A
  1. arteries - muscular - carry blood away from heart
  2. veins - medium thick with valves - carry blood to heart
  3. capillaries - thinnest - allow diffusion - connect arteries and veins
109
Q

Which formed element should be most numerous in blood?

110
Q

When do WBC become more numerous?

111
Q

Why are there so many types of WBC?

A

different types of inections

112
Q

Name the two cell types in nerve tissue, and tell what each does.

A
  1. neurons - conduct messages

2. neuroglia - support, feed, and protect neurons

113
Q

What are the three major parts of a typical neuron?

A
  1. cell body (soma or perikaryon) - holds most organelles
  2. axons - large fibers that carry messages away from cell body
  3. dendrites - smaller and more numerous fibers that bring message into cell body
114
Q

Name the three major types of muscle tissue.

A
  1. cardiac - heart
  2. skeletal - attached to bones
  3. smooth - in hollow organs
115
Q

Which muscle is striated, voluntary, multinucleate, cylinders?

116
Q

Which muscle is striated, involuntary, uninucleate and branched with intercalated discs?

117
Q

Which muscle in nonstriated, involuntary, uninucleate, and fusiform (torpedo-shaped)

118
Q

What word means under conscious control?

119
Q

What word means not under conscious control?

A

involuntary

120
Q

What word means banded or striped?

121
Q

What are the specialized connections in cardiac cells - made of gap junctions and desmosomes?

A

intercalated discs

122
Q

What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside? Give examples.

A

mucous - respiratory and digestive mucosa

123
Q

What type of membrane lines cavities that do not open to the outside? Give examples.

A

serous - peritoneum, pericardium, pleural

124
Q

What is the membrane that makes up your skin?

A

cutaneous membrane

125
Q

What is the membrane around your joints?

A

synovial membrane

126
Q

What are the three steps in healing?

A
  1. inflammation rushes materials to the site
  2. organization - restores blood supply and
  3. regeneration and fibrosis - closes wound
127
Q

Do all tissues repair at the same level? What ones repair well? What ones don’t repair at all?

A

no - epithelium, loose CT, dense irregular CT, and blood regenerate well - heart and brain - don’t repair at all

128
Q

What are 3 cells that move to a wound to begin the healing?

A

white blood cells to eat germs
fibroblasts to make fibers
epithelial germ cells to make new skin

129
Q

Why is it good for a wound to bleed a little?

A

flush out the germs

130
Q

The clot that dries on the surface and stops the bleeding

131
Q

the healing tissue, pink with tiny capillaries

A

granulation tissue

132
Q

scarring

133
Q

What does scar tissue do to organs and joints?

A

impairs function

134
Q

scar tissue connecting adjacent abdominopelvic organs

135
Q

a fertilized egg

136
Q

the early cell divisions

137
Q

the three primary germ layers and what each becomes

A

endoderm - respiratory and digestive lining (mucosae)
ectoderm - skin and nerves
mesoderm - muscle and bone

138
Q

What tissue forms from all three germ layers? Name them.

A

epithelium
mesothelium
endothelium

139
Q

a tumor or new growth

140
Q

a non-cancerous tumor

141
Q

a cancerous tumor

142
Q

the spreading of a cancer to a new location - how does it often spread

A

metastasis - often through lymphatics

143
Q

cancer causing factors

A

carcinogens

144
Q

cancer genes

A

oncogenes/protooncogenes

145
Q

a cancer doctor

A

oncologist

146
Q

removing a sample tissue to look for cancer

147
Q

when there are no longer any signs of cancer

148
Q

a description of how progressed the cancer is

149
Q

the three most common treatments for cancer

A

surgery
radiation
chemotherapy

150
Q

Why do cancer treatments have so many side effects?

A

kill healthy cells

151
Q

cancers of epithelia - 90%

A

carcinomas

152
Q

cancers of CT and muscle

153
Q

neoplasms in glands whether or not malignant

154
Q

a very large scar

155
Q

an inherited condition of abnormal CT - extremely tall with long fingers… and weak heart and blood vessels

A

Maran’s syndrome

156
Q

CT right under the skin - 3 terms

A

subcutaneous layer, hypodermis or superficial fascia

157
Q

CT between muscles and organs

A

deep fascia

anatomy (9 decks)

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