chapter 8 articulations Flashcards
a joint
articulation
an immovable joint
synarthrosis
a slightly movable joint
amphiarthrosis
a freely movable joint
diarthrosis
immovable joints between skull bones
sutures
immovable joints between teeth and jaws
gomphosis
the ligament around the teeth
periodontal ligament
a ligament that holds bone to bone
syndesmosis
a bridge of cartilage
synchondrosis
a bridge of bone
synostosis
a pad of fibrocartilage
symphysis
an epiphyseal (growth) plate
synchondrosis
a epiphyseal line
synostosis
the intervertebral discs or the pubic symphysis
symphyses
the glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage that covers bones at joints
articular cartilage
the joint cavity
synovial cavity
the membrane that lines the joint cavity
synovial membrane
articular discs
meniscus
fluid filled sacs that cushion joints
bursae
an elongated bursa that houses a tendon
tendon sheath
cushioning within the joint cavity
fat pads
a bending movement, decreases the angle between bones
flexion
a straightening movement, increases the angle between bones
extension
extension past anatomical position
hyperextension
a movement in the frontal plane away from the midline
abduction
a movement in the frontal plane toward the midline
adduction
when the distal end of a limb moves in a circle, and the entire limb creates a cone
circumduction
turning of a bone on its own axis
rotation
movement of the radius around the ulna so the palms face up
supination
movement of the radius around the ulna so the palms face down
pronation
pulling the toes toward the shin
dorsiflexion
pointing the toes
plantar flexion
turning the sole of the foot inward
inversion
turning the sole of the foot outward
eversion
moving the thumb opposite the fingers
opposition
moving a body part superiorly
elevation
moving a body part inferiorly
depression
moving a body part anteriorly
protraction
moving a body part posteriorly
retraction
a joint made of two flat surfaces and a gliding motion
plane joint
a cylindrical piece of one bone articulates to a trough on another and allows movement in one plane only
hinge joint
the rounded end of one bone articulates with a sleeve on another allowing rotation in one plane
pivot joint
the oval articular surface of one bone fits into a shallow depression on another bone
condyloid or ellipsoidal
a spherical end of a bone articulates with a cup-like socket of another bone
ball and socket
the joint between the ulna and humerus is what type of joint
hinge
the atlas and axis is what type of joint
pivot
the carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs are what type of joints
saddle joints
the shoulder and hip are what type of joints
ball and socket
the interphalangeal joints are what type of joint
hinge
the intercarpal and intertarsal joints are what type of joints
plane
the radiocarpal joint is what type of joint
condyloid
the proximal radioulnar joint where the head of the radius rotates within a ring-like ligament secured to the ulna is what type of joint
pivot joint
the metacarpophalangeal joints are what type of joint
condyloid
the study of joints
arthrology
inflammation of the synovial membrane causing excess synovial fluid to be produced
synovitis
a generic term used by laypeople to indicate muscle or joint pain
rheumatism
replacing a diseasaed joint with an artificial one
What is an artificial joint called?
arthroplasty
prosthesis
softening of cartilage by the patella common in young athletes, produces a sharp pain in the knee on extension, often due to unequally strong quadriceps muscles
chondromalacia patellae
a type of rheumatoid arthritis that usually affects males causing the spine to become rigid
ankylosing spondylitis
What is the most common cartilage injury?
torn knee meniscus
What causes cartilage damage?
compression and shear stress at the same time
What do loose bodies of torn cartilage do to the joint?
interfere with functioning causing it to catch or “lock”
Surgery from tiny slits in the joint allowing a fiberoptic camera and tools to enter the joint without as much joint damage is called what?
arthroscopic surgery
What happens with removal of part of the meniscus?
less stable joint
What happens when the entire meniscus is removed?
early onset osteoarthritis
when ligaments are stretched or torn
sprain
Why do ligaments heal so slowly?
poorly vascular
If a ligament is completely ruptured, what needs to be done?
surgically repaired if possible or a graft
bones out of joint (2 terms)
dislocation
luxation
a partial dislocation
subluxation
What is the term for putting a dislocation back into alignment?
reduction
Why are the same joints often repeatedly dislocated?
joint is loosened
inflammation of bursa typically caused by a blow or friction
bursitis
inflammation of a tendon typically caused by overuse
tendonitis
bursitis of the prepatellar bursa
housemaid’s knee or water on the knee
How is bursitis and tendonitis treated?
RICE, anti-inflammatory drugs and aspiration
an inflammation of joints causing pain and stiffness
arthritis
What is the difference between acute and chronic?
acute - short-term
chronic - long-term
the most common chronic arthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, from wear and tear
osteoarthritis
a crunching noise common in OA caused by the rough surfaces rubbing
crepitus
a chronic inflammatory arthritis that affects more women than men and is considered autoimmune, bilaterally impacts many small joints at the same time
rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic arthritis more common in men, has genetic links, when uric acid accumulates in joints, typically affects one joint (often the base of the big toe)
gout or gouty arthritis
an inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria and transmitted by ticks, starts with a bullseye rash and flu-like symptoms but can progress to neurological problems and heart irregularities, often causes joint pain and arthritis
lyme disease
What does healthy exercise do for young joints?
makes them stronger
What type of exercise is best for joints?
swimming - non-weightbearing
an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe
bunion
What is the relationship between strength and mobility in a joint?
the more it moves, the less strong
the less it moves, the more strong
What is the advantage of continuous passive motion to joint healing?
movement circulates nutrients and promotes healing - much better than immobilization
What is the difference between a shoulder separation and a shoulder dislocation?
separation - clavicle and scapula come apart
dislocation - humerus and scapula come apart
irritation of the jaw joint
TMJ syndrome - temporomandibular joint syndrome
having no planes of movement
nonaxial
having one plane of motion
uniaxial
having two planes of movement
biaxial
having three planes of movement
multiaxial
where a muscle attaches to the less movable bone
origin
where a muscle attaches to the more movable bone
insertion
what a muscle does
action
