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anatomy > chapter 5 - integumentary system > Flashcards

chapter 5 - integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

your body system that includes your skin, hair, nails, and glands

A

integumentary

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2
Q

a skin doctor

A

dermatologist

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3
Q

the most superficial region of the skin

A

epidermis

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4
Q

of what tissue is the epidermis composed

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

the waterproof protein in your epidermis

A

keratin

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6
Q

the most numerous cells in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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7
Q

the pigment-producing cells in the epidermis

A

melanocytes

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8
Q

the brown/black pigment produced by your skin in the presence of sunlight

A

melanin

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9
Q

cancer of the melanin producing cells

A

melanoma

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10
Q

What makes melanoma so dangerous?

A

metastasizes, resistant to chemotherapy

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11
Q

the region of skin beneath the epidermis, the true skin

A

dermis

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12
Q

Of what tissue is the dermis composed?

A

dense irregular CT

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the dermis having irregular CT?

A

can withstand stress from multiple directions

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14
Q

What is the region of skin beneath the dermis (3 terms)?

A

hypodermis, superficial fascia, subcutaneous

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15
Q

Of what tissue is the hypodermis mostly composed?

A

loose CT - adipose

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16
Q

What is the importance of the adipose in the hypodermis? Give three.

A

insulates, cushions and protects, and stores energy

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17
Q

What is the difference between thick and thin skin, and where is each found?

A

thick - 5 layers - palms and soles

thin - 4 layers - everywhere except palms and soles

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18
Q

Name the 5 layers of epidermis from superficial to deep, and give a short description of each layer.

A

stratum corneum - thick, dead, flattened cells (keratinized)
strtum lucidum - clear layer in palms and soles
stratum granulosum - grainy layer filling with keratin
stratum spinosum - prickle layer (cells are shrinking)
stratum basale - a single germinating layer

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19
Q

the immune cells of the epidermis - 2 terms

A

Langerhans cells - epidermal dendritic cells

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20
Q

What happens to the immune cells of the epidermis with age, and what is the result?

A

decrease in number - increased skin problems

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21
Q

Name, and describe the two layers of the dermis.

A
  1. papillary layer - consists of dermal papilla that interlock with the epidermis and create skin patterns
  2. reticular layer - lots of collagen fibers
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22
Q

What is the purpose of the friction ridges created by the pattern of dermal papillae in the reticular dermis?

A

grasping

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23
Q

What determines the pattern of friction ridges?

A

genetics

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24
Q

The overall pattern of collagen fibers in the dermis creates what?

A

lines of cleavage or tension lines

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25
Q

Who cares about lines of cleavage or tension lines, and why?

A

cosmetic surgeons because cutting with the pattern reduces scars

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26
Q

What is the importance of the abundant collagen fibers in the dermis? Give 2 answers.

A
  1. strength

2. binds to water and keeps skin hydrated

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27
Q

dermal folds near joints where the dermis is attached to deeper structures

A

flexure lines

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28
Q

torn collagen fibers in the skin (2 terms)

A

stretch marks or striae

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29
Q

What is the importance of the elastic fibers in the dermis?

A

help skin stretch and recoil

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30
Q

a separation of the epidermis and dermis where fluid accumulates between the layers

A

blister

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31
Q

Where on Earth does darker skin originate, and why?

A

equatorial regions - protects nuclei from sun damage

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32
Q

a yellow orange pigment in some plants

A

carotene

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33
Q

Where in the body does carotene tend to concentrate (2 places)?

A

stratum corneum

adipose

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34
Q

What vitamin is made from carotene, and what does it do for us?

A

vitamin A - essential for vision and epidermal health

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35
Q

Give a vegetable that contains carotene.

A

carrots

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36
Q

the iron-containing pigment in our blood that gives us a pink color

A

hemoglobin

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37
Q

when people appear blue due to a lack of oxygen in blood

A

cyanosis

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38
Q

when people appear red due to dilation of capillaries

A

erythema

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39
Q

What might make a person cyanotic?

A

heart and respiratory problems

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40
Q

turning white due to a lack of blood flow from fear, anger, or emotional stress (2 terms)

A

pallor or blanching

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41
Q

when people turn yellow due to liver issues

A

jaundice

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42
Q

when people turn a bronze color without excess sunlight (2 reasons)

A
  1. Addison’s disease

2. pituitary tumor

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43
Q

black and blue marks or bruises under the skin

A

hematomas

44
Q

3 major skin appendages

A

hair, nails, glands

45
Q

another name for a sweat gland

A

sudoriferous glands

46
Q

the two main types of sweat glands

A
  1. merocrine or eccrine

2. apocrine

47
Q

Which type of sweat gland is more numerous?

A

merocrine

48
Q

What is sweat mostly made up of?

A

99% water

49
Q

What is the main function of sweat?

A

evaporative cooling

50
Q

Other than cooling, what are two major functions of sweat?

A

kills germs and excretes wastes (dilute urine)

51
Q

What are the 2 main locations for apocrine sweat glands?

A
  1. axillary region

2. anogenital region

52
Q

What causes apocrine sweat to stink?

A

It is more nutritious so bacteria feed on it, and the bacteria stink.

53
Q

When do apocrine glands really start functioning?

A

puberty

54
Q

What are ceruminous glands, and where are they found?

A

wax glands in ear

55
Q

What is the importance of cerumen or earwax?

A

prevent stuff from entering ear

56
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

breast milk producing glands

57
Q

oil glands

A

sebaceous

58
Q

What type of secretion is oil?

A

holocrine

59
Q

What is the importance of oil to the skin?

A

keep it moisturized so it doesn’t crack and let germs in

60
Q

When do sebaceous glands really start functioning?

A

puberty

61
Q

What are sebaceous glands usually attached to?

A

hair follicle

62
Q

Other than moisturizing, what does sebum do for you?

A

kills germs

63
Q

The contraction of what muscle helps to expel the sebum from the hair follicle?

A

arrector pili

64
Q

at puberty, when oil glands get blocked and accumulate sebum

A

whiteheads

65
Q

oxidized whiteheads

A

blackheads

66
Q

inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by bacterial infection and pimples

A

acne

67
Q

cradle cap - overactive sebaceous glands in infants

A

seborrhea

68
Q

the structure that produces the hair

A

hair follicle

69
Q

a hair

A

pilus (pili)

70
Q

functions of hair

A

protect from insects, protect from heat loss, protect from sunlight, protect from abrasion and trauma, shield eyes, filter air we breathe

71
Q

Of what chemical are hair and nails composed

A

keratin

72
Q

Name the three layers of a hair shaft from outside to inside.

A

cuticle, cortex, medulla

73
Q

What is the term for damaged hair cuticle?

A

split ends

74
Q

the nerve endings that wrap around the bottom of a hair follicle

A

root hair plexus, hair follicle receptor,

75
Q

the two layers of the hair follicle

A

internal root sheath (epidermis) and external root sheath (dermis)

76
Q

the actively growing part of the hair

A

matrix

77
Q

What do the arrector pili muscles do to warm a person up?

A

Goosebumps are tiny muscles contracting. They also trap air next to the body.

78
Q

What is the difference between vellus and terminal hair?

A

vellus - peach fuzz

terminal - more coarse and dark (after puberty)

79
Q

Why are the hairs on your scalp longer than eyebrows?

A

longer growth cycle between rest cycles

80
Q

What do we call a hair that is ready to fall out?

A

club hair

81
Q

How many hairs can a person lose a day without being sick?

A

around 100

82
Q

What are some factors that can increase hair loss?

A

stress, poor nutrition, heavy metal poisoning, fever, certain drugs

83
Q

excessive hairiness, often adrenal gland or ovarian tumors cause it

A

hirsutism

84
Q

hair loss

A

alopecia

85
Q

autoimmune hair loss in patches

A

alopecia areata

86
Q

low pH of skin makes it be called what

A

acid mantle

87
Q

What does our skin protect us from?

A

abrasion, dehydration, infection

88
Q

What does our skin make in the presence of sunlight?

A

melanin and vitamin D

89
Q

What is the importance of vitamin D?

A

allows us to absorb calcium

90
Q

What is the importance of melanin?

A

shades our nuclei from sun damage

91
Q

specialized nerve endings for pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscles

92
Q

specialized nerve endings for touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

93
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

pain and temperature

94
Q

Name, and describe the three major types of skin cancer.

A

melanoma - dark tumor of melanocytes
squamous cell carcinoma - often an open sore, upper cells of skin
basal cell carcinoma - often raised and shiny, lower cells of epidermis

95
Q

What is the rule for telling if a growth is cancer?

A 
ABCDE Rule
A is for asymmetry
B is for border
C is for color
D is for diameter
E is for elevation
96
Q

What are the 2 major threats to life after a serious burn?

A
  1. sepsis - widespread bacterial infection

2. dehydration

97
Q

How do doctors estimate the extent of burn damage?

A

rule of nines

98
Q

Name and describe the 3 major categories of burns.

A

1st degree - epidermis only - red, swollen, and painful
2nd degree - epidermis and dermis - will blister
3rd degree - epidermis and all of dermis - no pain or swelling

99
Q

Why don’t third degree burns hurt or swell?

A

no blood vessels or nerve endings left

100
Q

How must 3rd degree burns be treated?

A

IV fluids, antibiotics and calories
grafting to cover wound
debridement to prevent infection and fluid loss as well as lessen scars

101
Q

downy coat of hair on a newborn

A

lanugo coat

102
Q

the waxy coating of a newborn made by sebaceous glands

A

vernix caseosa

103
Q

white spots that are collections of keratin in newborns

A

milia

104
Q

What happens to the skin at puberty

A

glands increase activity - acne

105
Q

What happens to the skin around 30?

A

cumulative sun damage starts to show

106
Q

inflammation of skin

A

dermatitis

anatomy (9 decks)

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