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anatomy > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of body parts

A

anatomy

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2
Q

study of body function

A

physiology

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3
Q

branch of anatomy one can see without tools (2 terms)

A

macroscopic

gross

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4
Q

branch of anatomy where a microscope is needed to see parts

A

microscopic

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5
Q

the study of cells

A

cytology

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6
Q

the study of tissues

A

histology

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7
Q

the study of disease

A

pathology

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8
Q

the study involving imaging techniques of the body

A

radioogy

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9
Q

the study of early development

A

embryology

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10
Q

a developing baby in its earliest stages

A

embryo

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11
Q

a developing baby in its later stages

A

fetus

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12
Q

a fertilized egg

A

zygote

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13
Q

when cells develop unique jobs (2 terms)

A

cell specialization

cell differentiation

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14
Q

renal

A

kidney

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15
Q

pulmonary

A

lung

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16
Q

the idea that structure is related to function

A

principle of complementarity

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17
Q

the levels of organization from smallest to largest

A

atom - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

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18
Q

the smallest living unit

A

cell

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19
Q

a group of cells working together

A

tissue

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20
Q

a group of organs working together

A

organ system

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21
Q

What do your skin and cell membranes do for living things?

A

maintain boundaries

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22
Q

What necessary life function involves muscle contraction?

A

movement

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23
Q

What things have to be moved internally?

A

blood, air, hormones…

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24
Q

an organism reacts to changes in their environment

A

response

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25
Q

the changes in their environment to which an organism reacts

A

stimuli

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26
Q

short-term responses

A

irritability

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27
Q

long-term responses

A

adaptability

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28
Q

all the chemical reactions in an organism

A

metabolism

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29
Q

Name the two parts of metabolism, and explain each.

A
  1. anabolic - synthesis

2. catabolic - decomposition

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30
Q

eating

A

ingestion

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31
Q

breaking food down into usable pieces

A

digestion

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32
Q

burning food to release energy (usually with oxygen)

A

respiration

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33
Q

getting rid of waste

A

excretion

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34
Q

producing a useful chemical and releasing it (tears, saliva, digestive juice)

A

secretion

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35
Q

when nutrients are soaked into the blood stream and then into cells

A

absorption

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36
Q

when materials like oxygen, nutrients, and hormones are pumped around the body pushed by the heart

A

circulation

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37
Q

when tiny particles in food are recombined to make new skin or muscle

A

assimilation

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38
Q

body system that covers and protects, makes vitamin D and detects stimuli

A

integumentary

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39
Q

skin, hair, nails and glands

A

integumentary

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40
Q

the body system that supports, protects, provides leverage for movement and makes blood cells

A

skeletal

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41
Q

the body system that moves you and generates body heat

A

muscular

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42
Q

the body system that fights infections (2 terms)

A

lymphatic, immune

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43
Q

the body system that exchanges gases with the environment

What gas goes in? What comes out?

A

respiratory

O2 in and CO2 out

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44
Q

the body system that breaks down food into a usable form

A

digestive

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45
Q

the lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx

A

respiratory

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46
Q

the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymph vessels

A

lymphatic or immune

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47
Q

the body system that controls by electrical messages being conducted

A

nervous

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48
Q

How does nervous control work?

A

fast, specific - jerking hand away from something hot

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49
Q

the body system that controls by chemical messages called hormones

A

endocrine

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50
Q

How does endocrine control work?

A

slow, general - puberty

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51
Q

brain, spinal cord and nerves

A

nervous system

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52
Q

glands like thymus, adrenal, pituitary

A

endocrine

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53
Q

the body system that transports materials throughout the body - 2 terms

A

cardiovascular

circulatory

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54
Q

the body system that filters the blood to produce waste - 2 terms

A

urinary

excretory

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55
Q

heart, blood vessels

A

circulatory

cardiovascular

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56
Q

kidneys, ureters, urethra

A

urinary

excretory

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57
Q

the body system that allows you to mature to adult form and have offspring

A

reproductive

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58
Q

uterus, ovaries, penis, testes

A

reproductive

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59
Q

Name 3 products of excretion.

A

urine, feces, CO2

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60
Q

Name 4 major nutrients.

A

carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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61
Q

What is the most abundant compound in your body?

A

water

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62
Q

what gas allows us to burn food more efficiently

A

oxygen

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63
Q

respiration with oxygen

A

aerobic

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64
Q

respiration without oxygen

A

anaerobic

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65
Q

Why is it necessary to have an appropriate body temperature?

A

allow metabolism at a healthy rate

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66
Q

Why is it necessary to have appropriate atmospheric pressure

A

allow gas exchange

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67
Q

your body’s stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

68
Q

a circular situation where your body monitors its environment and adjusts to changes

A

feedback

69
Q

Name the two types of feedback. Give examples of each.

A
  1. negative - thermoregulation, blood pressure

2. positive - labor and delivery and blood clotting

70
Q

Which type of feedback is common?

A

negative

71
Q

Give examples where positive feedback can cause health issues to cascade and get worse.

A
  1. heart failure

2. allergic responses

72
Q

What are the parts of the feedback system?

A

stimulus is picked up by receptors
sent to control center
effectors like glands and muscles respond

73
Q

What happens when homeostasis can not be maintained?

A

get sick and even die

74
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

facing forward with palms forward

75
Q

Why is anatomical position necessary?

A

radius and ulna are not crossed

76
Q

Face up

A

supine

77
Q

face down

A

prone

78
Q

above and below

A

superior and inferior

79
Q

front and back

A

anterior and posterior

80
Q

another term for anterior in humans (belly)

A

ventral

81
Q

another term for posterior in humans (back)

A

dorsal

82
Q

middle and sides

A

medial and lateral

83
Q

in between two things

A

intermediate

84
Q

What two terms are only used on ther limbs?

A

proximal and distal

85
Q

near trunk and far from trunk

A

proximal and distal

86
Q

surface and farther inside

A

superficial and deep

87
Q

the midline of the body

A

axial

88
Q

the limbs

A

appendicular

89
Q

head

A

cephalic

90
Q

neck

A

cervical

91
Q

forehead

A

frontal

92
Q

eye

A

ocular

93
Q

eye socket

A

orbital

94
Q

nose

A

nasal

95
Q

mouth

A

oral

96
Q

ear

A

otic

97
Q

chin

A

mental

98
Q

back of head

A

occipital

99
Q

entire chest

A

thoracic

100
Q

breast

A

mammary

101
Q

chest muscles

A

pectoral

102
Q

breastbone

A

sternal

103
Q

armpits

A

axial

104
Q

belly

A

abdominal

105
Q

belly button

A

umbilical

106
Q

hips

A

coxal or pelvic

107
Q

front of pelvis

A

pubic

108
Q

buttock

A

gluteal

109
Q

groin

A

inguinal

110
Q

shoulder blade

A

scapular

111
Q

top of shoulder

A

acromial

112
Q

middle of back

A

vertebral

113
Q

lower back

A

lumbar

114
Q

back of pelvis

A

sacral

115
Q

upper arm

A

brachial

116
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial

117
Q

elbow

A

cubital and olecranol

118
Q

elbow pocket

A

antecubital

119
Q

wrist

A

carpal

120
Q

entire hand

A

manual

121
Q

front of hand

A

palmar

122
Q

hand bones

A

metacarpal

123
Q

thumb

A

pollex

124
Q

fingers

A

digital and phalangeal

125
Q

thigh

A

femoral

126
Q

knee cap

A

patellar

127
Q

back of knee

A

popliteal

128
Q

front of lower leg

A

crural

129
Q

back of lower leg

A

sural

130
Q

entire foot

A

pedal

131
Q

bottom of foot

A

plantar

132
Q

big toe

A

hallux

133
Q

heel bone

A

calcaneal

134
Q

ankle

A

tarsal

135
Q

foot bones

A

metatarsal

136
Q

lateral surface of lower leg

A

fibular or peroneal

137
Q

a plane that cuts into superior and inferior portions - 3 terms

A

horizontal
cross section
transverse

138
Q

a plane that cuts into anterior and posterior sections - 2 terms

A

frontal

coronal

139
Q

a plane that cuts into left and right sections

A

sagittal

140
Q

a sagittal cut in the middle - 2 terms

A

mid-sagittal

medial

141
Q

a sagittal cut that is not in the middle

A

parasagittal

142
Q

a diagonal cut

A

oblique

143
Q

the two main body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

144
Q

the two divisions of the dorsal cavity and what is in each

A

cranial - brain

spinal or vertebral - spinal cord

145
Q

the two divisions of the ventral body cavity

A

thoracic (chest) and abdominopelvic

146
Q

the muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen

A

diaphragm

147
Q

the two cavities in the thorax - give what is in each

A

pleural - lungs

pericardial - heart

148
Q

the solid mass of tissue between the lungs and around the heart

A

mediastinum

149
Q

the two divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity - give what is in each

A

abdomen - stomach, liver, intestines

pelvis - urinary bladder

150
Q

another name for the ventral body cavity

A

coelom

151
Q

another name for the abdominopelvic cavity

A

peritoneum

152
Q

Why are there body cavities?

A

allow organs to expand and move

153
Q

Why are there membranes around every organ?

A

make slippery to prevent friction

154
Q

What is the difference between open and closed body cavities

A

open - open to the outside and could dry out so they are lined with mucous membranes

155
Q

Give examples of open body cavities

A

nasal, oral, ear, anal…

156
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes, and what is the difference?

A

visceral - on organ

parietal - space away from organ

157
Q

What is produced by serous membranes, and what is its function?

A

serous fluid - reduce friction

158
Q

Inflammation in the membranes makes too much fluid and makes it hard for them to do their jobs. Name each.

A

pericarditis - around heart
pleuritis (pleurisy) - around lungs
peritonitis - around abdominopelvic organs
meningitis - around brain and spinal cord

159
Q

Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants. Why are they used?

A

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ - to give a general location

160
Q

How are the abdominopelvic regions better? Name them.

A

more specific - right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, right and left iliac or inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric

161
Q

Name and contrast the 4 most common imaging techniques.

A
  1. X ray - uses radiation - best at bones
  2. CT - uses radiation and computers to make slices
  3. MRI - uses magnets and computers to make slices - safe but expensive
  4. ultrasound - uses sound waves - very safe and cheap
162
Q

How can we x-ray soft tissue?

A

dyes and shakes

163
Q

What is an x-ray of the stomach and small intestine?

A

upper GI

164
Q

What color should air appear on x-ray?

A

black

165
Q

What is another term for an ultrasound?

A

sonogram, echogram

166
Q

Where are your synovial cavities?

A

around your joints

anatomy (9 decks)

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