chapter 1 Flashcards
study of body parts
anatomy
study of body function
physiology
branch of anatomy one can see without tools (2 terms)
macroscopic
gross
branch of anatomy where a microscope is needed to see parts
microscopic
the study of cells
cytology
the study of tissues
histology
the study of disease
pathology
the study involving imaging techniques of the body
radioogy
the study of early development
embryology
a developing baby in its earliest stages
embryo
a developing baby in its later stages
fetus
a fertilized egg
zygote
when cells develop unique jobs (2 terms)
cell specialization
cell differentiation
renal
kidney
pulmonary
lung
the idea that structure is related to function
principle of complementarity
the levels of organization from smallest to largest
atom - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
the smallest living unit
cell
a group of cells working together
tissue
a group of organs working together
organ system
What do your skin and cell membranes do for living things?
maintain boundaries
What necessary life function involves muscle contraction?
movement
What things have to be moved internally?
blood, air, hormones…
an organism reacts to changes in their environment
response
the changes in their environment to which an organism reacts
stimuli
short-term responses
irritability
long-term responses
adaptability
all the chemical reactions in an organism
metabolism
Name the two parts of metabolism, and explain each.
- anabolic - synthesis
2. catabolic - decomposition
eating
ingestion
breaking food down into usable pieces
digestion
burning food to release energy (usually with oxygen)
respiration
getting rid of waste
excretion
producing a useful chemical and releasing it (tears, saliva, digestive juice)
secretion
when nutrients are soaked into the blood stream and then into cells
absorption
when materials like oxygen, nutrients, and hormones are pumped around the body pushed by the heart
circulation
when tiny particles in food are recombined to make new skin or muscle
assimilation
body system that covers and protects, makes vitamin D and detects stimuli
integumentary
skin, hair, nails and glands
integumentary
the body system that supports, protects, provides leverage for movement and makes blood cells
skeletal
the body system that moves you and generates body heat
muscular
the body system that fights infections (2 terms)
lymphatic, immune
the body system that exchanges gases with the environment
What gas goes in? What comes out?
respiratory
O2 in and CO2 out
the body system that breaks down food into a usable form
digestive
the lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx
respiratory
the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymph vessels
lymphatic or immune
the body system that controls by electrical messages being conducted
nervous
How does nervous control work?
fast, specific - jerking hand away from something hot
the body system that controls by chemical messages called hormones
endocrine
How does endocrine control work?
slow, general - puberty
brain, spinal cord and nerves
nervous system
glands like thymus, adrenal, pituitary
endocrine
the body system that transports materials throughout the body - 2 terms
cardiovascular
circulatory
the body system that filters the blood to produce waste - 2 terms
urinary
excretory
heart, blood vessels
circulatory
cardiovascular
kidneys, ureters, urethra
urinary
excretory
the body system that allows you to mature to adult form and have offspring
reproductive
uterus, ovaries, penis, testes
reproductive
Name 3 products of excretion.
urine, feces, CO2
Name 4 major nutrients.
carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What is the most abundant compound in your body?
water
what gas allows us to burn food more efficiently
oxygen
respiration with oxygen
aerobic
respiration without oxygen
anaerobic
Why is it necessary to have an appropriate body temperature?
allow metabolism at a healthy rate
Why is it necessary to have appropriate atmospheric pressure
allow gas exchange
your body’s stable internal environment
homeostasis
a circular situation where your body monitors its environment and adjusts to changes
feedback
Name the two types of feedback. Give examples of each.
- negative - thermoregulation, blood pressure
2. positive - labor and delivery and blood clotting
Which type of feedback is common?
negative
Give examples where positive feedback can cause health issues to cascade and get worse.
- heart failure
2. allergic responses
What are the parts of the feedback system?
stimulus is picked up by receptors
sent to control center
effectors like glands and muscles respond
What happens when homeostasis can not be maintained?
get sick and even die
What is anatomical position?
facing forward with palms forward
Why is anatomical position necessary?
radius and ulna are not crossed
Face up
supine
face down
prone
above and below
superior and inferior
front and back
anterior and posterior
another term for anterior in humans (belly)
ventral
another term for posterior in humans (back)
dorsal
middle and sides
medial and lateral
in between two things
intermediate
What two terms are only used on ther limbs?
proximal and distal
near trunk and far from trunk
proximal and distal
surface and farther inside
superficial and deep
the midline of the body
axial
the limbs
appendicular
head
cephalic
neck
cervical
forehead
frontal
eye
ocular
eye socket
orbital
nose
nasal
mouth
oral
ear
otic
chin
mental
back of head
occipital
entire chest
thoracic
breast
mammary
chest muscles
pectoral
breastbone
sternal
armpits
axial
belly
abdominal
belly button
umbilical
hips
coxal or pelvic
front of pelvis
pubic
buttock
gluteal
groin
inguinal
shoulder blade
scapular
top of shoulder
acromial
middle of back
vertebral
lower back
lumbar
back of pelvis
sacral
upper arm
brachial
forearm
antebrachial
elbow
cubital and olecranol
elbow pocket
antecubital
wrist
carpal
entire hand
manual
front of hand
palmar
hand bones
metacarpal
thumb
pollex
fingers
digital and phalangeal
thigh
femoral
knee cap
patellar
back of knee
popliteal
front of lower leg
crural
back of lower leg
sural
entire foot
pedal
bottom of foot
plantar
big toe
hallux
heel bone
calcaneal
ankle
tarsal
foot bones
metatarsal
lateral surface of lower leg
fibular or peroneal
a plane that cuts into superior and inferior portions - 3 terms
horizontal
cross section
transverse
a plane that cuts into anterior and posterior sections - 2 terms
frontal
coronal
a plane that cuts into left and right sections
sagittal
a sagittal cut in the middle - 2 terms
mid-sagittal
medial
a sagittal cut that is not in the middle
parasagittal
a diagonal cut
oblique
the two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral
the two divisions of the dorsal cavity and what is in each
cranial - brain
spinal or vertebral - spinal cord
the two divisions of the ventral body cavity
thoracic (chest) and abdominopelvic
the muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
diaphragm
the two cavities in the thorax - give what is in each
pleural - lungs
pericardial - heart
the solid mass of tissue between the lungs and around the heart
mediastinum
the two divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity - give what is in each
abdomen - stomach, liver, intestines
pelvis - urinary bladder
another name for the ventral body cavity
coelom
another name for the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
Why are there body cavities?
allow organs to expand and move
Why are there membranes around every organ?
make slippery to prevent friction
What is the difference between open and closed body cavities
open - open to the outside and could dry out so they are lined with mucous membranes
Give examples of open body cavities
nasal, oral, ear, anal…
What are the two layers of serous membranes, and what is the difference?
visceral - on organ
parietal - space away from organ
What is produced by serous membranes, and what is its function?
serous fluid - reduce friction
Inflammation in the membranes makes too much fluid and makes it hard for them to do their jobs. Name each.
pericarditis - around heart
pleuritis (pleurisy) - around lungs
peritonitis - around abdominopelvic organs
meningitis - around brain and spinal cord
Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants. Why are they used?
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ - to give a general location
How are the abdominopelvic regions better? Name them.
more specific - right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, right and left iliac or inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric
Name and contrast the 4 most common imaging techniques.
- X ray - uses radiation - best at bones
- CT - uses radiation and computers to make slices
- MRI - uses magnets and computers to make slices - safe but expensive
- ultrasound - uses sound waves - very safe and cheap
How can we x-ray soft tissue?
dyes and shakes
What is an x-ray of the stomach and small intestine?
upper GI
What color should air appear on x-ray?
black
What is another term for an ultrasound?
sonogram, echogram
Where are your synovial cavities?
around your joints
