chapter 7 the skeleton Flashcards
the skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs make up what division of the skeletal system
axial skeleton
the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the limbs make up what division of the skeletal system
appendicular skeleton
the brain case
cranium
what suture separates the frontal from the parietal bones
coronal suture
what suture separates the two parietal bones
the sagittal suture
what suture separates the parietal from the temporal bones
the squamosal suture
what suture separates the parietals from the occipital
the lambdoidal suture
what suture runs down the middle of the frontal bone
metopic suture
the bones that form the roof of the skull
parietal
the bones that form the sides of the skull
temporal
the bone that forms the forehead
frontal
the bone that forms the back of the skull
occipital
the bat-shaped bone that forms most of the floor of the cranium, keystone bone of cranium
spennoid
the cranial bone that forms the roof of the nose
ethmoid
the three prominent levels of depressions within the cranium, house the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes of the brain
anterior fossa, middle fossa, posterior fossa
the upper portion of the cranium or cranial vault
calvaria
the eye sockets
orbits
air filled cavities within the skull bones
sinuses
Name 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses.
lighten skull
make mucus
resonate sound
Name 3 functions of the mucus in the paranasal sinuses.
warm
moisten
filter air
a hole in a bone that serves as the passageway for blood vessels and nerves
foramen (foramina)
a shallow depression in a bone
fossa
what is the general purpose of bone projections?
connections for tendons and ligaments
bones that form the bridge of the nose
nasal
cheekbones
zygomatic
upper jaw
maxillae
lower jaw
mandible
shell-shaped bones inside the nose
nasal conchae
bones in the medial orbit
lacrimal
bone that forms the base of the nose
vomer
bones that form the posterior portion of the hard palate
palatine
the three ear bones
- hammer - malleus
- anvil - incus
- stirrup - stapes
What is the smallest bone in the body?
stapes
the bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bones but instead serves as attachment for the tongue
hyoid
the site of the pituitary gland
sella turcica
the holes for the olfactory nerves
olfactory foramina
the site of the olfactory foramina
cribiform plate
the ridge in the center of the cribiform plate for the meninges to attach
crista gali
irregular shaped bones within the sutures
sutural (Wormian) bones
the part of the ethmoid bone that forms the bony part of the nasal septum
perpendicular plate
What 4 skull bones contain sinuses?
frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, sphenoid
How many vertebrae do humans have? How many are in each region?
24 total
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
What separates the individual vertebrae?
intervertebral discs
What holds bone to bone?
ligaments
What holds muscle to bone?
tendons
the tail bone
coccyx
the posterior part of the pelvis
sacrum
Name the 4 vertebral curves, and describe the curve direction.
cervical - anterior curvature
thoracic - posterior curvature
lumbar - anterior curvature
sacral - posterior curvature
Which 2 curves are called primary curves?
thoracic and lumbar
Which 2 curves are called secondary curves?
cervical and lumbar
What is the purpose of secondary curves?
support weight of body
cervical - head
lumbar - body
an abnormal lateral curvature
scoliosis
an exaggerated lumbar curvature (swaback)
lordosis
an exaggerated thoracic curviture (hunchback)
kyphosis
the inner part of an intervertebral disc
nucleus pulposis
the outer part of an intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosis
a bulging intervertebral disc
herniated disc (prolapsed)
the weight bearing part of the vertebra
body (centrum)
the hole in the vertebra through which the spinal cord travels
vertebral foramen
the bony part of the vertebra that encircles the spinal cord
vertebral arch
the two parts of the vertebral arch
pedicles and laminae
the holes between the vertebrae where spinal verves leave the spinal cord
intervertebral foramina
Name 5 unique features of cervical vertebrae.
- small
- oval bodies
- triangular vertebral foramina
- bifid spinous process
- transverse foramen
the specific name for C1 - what makes it unique?
atlas - no body
the specific name for C2 - what makes it unique
axis - dens or odontoid process
the specific name for C7 - what makes it unique
vertebral prominens - longest, non-bifid spinous process
What does the joint between the atlas and the occipital bone allow?
nodding yes
What does the joint between the atlas and the axis allow?
shaking head no
What connects the vertebral prominens to the occipital protuberance? What damages this connection?
ligamentum nuchae - whiplash
What 5 things make thoracic vertebrae unique?
- heart-shaped body
- circular vertebral foramen
- transverse processes point posteriorly
- extra facets for ribs
- long spinous processes
What 3 things make lumbar vertebrae unique?
- largest body
- short, thick processes
- large, hatchet-shaped spinous processes
the tailbone
coccyx
How many fused vertebrae make up the sacrum?
5
How many fused vertebrae make up the coccyx?
3-5
What makes up the thoracic cage?
thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs and costal cartilage
the spaces between the ribs
intercostal space
the cartilage that holds the ribs to the sternum
costal cartilage
the three parts of the sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
When does the xiphoid process ossify?
by age 40
the first 7 pairs of ribs (2 names)
true ribs or vertebrosternal
rib pairs 8-12
flase ribs
ribs 8-10
vertebrochondral ribs
ribs 11-12 (2 names)
vertebral ribs or floating ribs
the shoulders
pectoral girdle
the hips
pelvic girdle
the overuse and inflammation of the wrist tendons that then compresses the median nerve causing a tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and middle finger
carpal tunnel syndrome
Most of the differences between the male and female pelvis have to do with what?
childbearing
the portion of the pelvis above the pelvic brim
false pelvis
the portion of the pelvis below the pelvic brim
true pelvis
