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chapter 6 osseous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what chemical makes up most of the substance of cartilage, and what characteristic does it give the cartilage?

A

water - resilience and flexibility (springy)

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2
Q

the dense irregular CT surrounding cartilage is called what? What does this do for the cartilage?

A

perichondrium - resists outward expansion

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3
Q

The cartilage itself does not have two things found in most tissues. What are they, and how does cartilage compensate for this?

A

blood vessels and nerves - diffusion from perichondrium

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4
Q

mature cartilage cells, immature cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes, chondroblasts

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5
Q

spaces where the cartilage cells reside

A

lacunae (lacuna)

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6
Q

What limits the thickness of cartilage?

A

diffusion only carries materials over short distances

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7
Q

What type of cartilage is the most common and forms the embryonic skeleton?

A

hyaline

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8
Q

Why do we not see the fibers in hyaline (glass) cartilage?

A

only fine collagen

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9
Q

Name 4 types of hyaline cartilage in the body.

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. costal cartilage - ribs
  3. respiratory cartilage - larynx, trachea
  4. nasal cartilage
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10
Q

What is the flexible (bendable) cartilage, and where is it found?

A

elastic cartilage - ear and epiglottis

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11
Q

the cartilage with the highest tensile strength that will withstand the most compression

A

fibrocartilage

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12
Q

What makes fibrocartilage so tough?

A

thick collagen fibers

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13
Q

What makes elastic cartilage so flexible?

A

elastic fibers

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14
Q

Give two places to find fibrocartilage.

A
  1. intervertebral discs

2. knee menisci

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15
Q

Why is cartilage better for the embryonic skeleton than bone?

A

flexible matrix allows mitosis so it can grow

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16
Q

Name and explain the two types of cartilage growth.

A
  1. appositional - growth from perichondrium (outside)

2. interstitial from the matrix (inside)

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17
Q

When does cartilage growth usually stop?

A

adolescence

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18
Q

the process of depositing calcium in a tissue

A

calcification

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19
Q

What part of the skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs? What does this part of the skeleton do?

A

axial skeleton - protects, supports and holds body parts.

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20
Q

What part of the skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, the shoulders and arms, hips and legs? What does this part of the skeleton do?

A

appendicular skeleton - locomotion (movement)

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21
Q

Name, and describe the 4 main types of bones.

A

long bones - longer than they are wide
short bones - boxy
flat bones - thin
irregular bones - complicated shapes

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22
Q

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals and phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

A

long bones

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23
Q

carpals and tarsals

A

short bones

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24
Q

scapula, ribs and most skull bones

A

flat bones

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25
Q

vertebrae, coxal bones

A

irregular bones

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26
Q

a bone that forms within a tendon - give an example

A

sesamoid - patella

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27
Q

a bone that forms in the sutures of the skull

A

sutural bones

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28
Q

Name the 6 major functions of the skeletal system.

A
  1. supportive framework
  2. protects soft organs
  3. levers for movement
  4. stores minerals and growth factors - calcium bank
  5. makes blood cells in red marrow - hematopoiesis
  6. stores fats (triglycerides) in yellow marrow
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29
Q

What are the two major functions of bone markings?

A
  1. place for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons

2. pathways for blood vessels and verves

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30
Q

the solid bone made of osteons (Haversian systems)

A

compact bone

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31
Q

the honeycomb bone made of trabeculae

A

spongy bone

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32
Q

another name for spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

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33
Q

Where is compact bone found?

A

outside and diaphysis (shaft)

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34
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

inside and epiphyses (ends)

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35
Q

What are the spaces between the trabeculae filled with?

A

marrow

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36
Q

the shaft of the bone

A

diaphysis

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37
Q

the expanded ends of the bone

A

epiphysis - proximal and distal

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38
Q

the hollow, center of bone

A

medullary cavity or marrow cavity

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39
Q

the type of marrow found in the medullary cavity of adults

A

yellow marrow - fat

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40
Q

the thin cartilage that covers bones where they join

A

articular cartilage

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41
Q

the growth region of the epiphysis - Of what material is it composed?

A

epiphyseal plate (metaphysis) - hyaline cartilage

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42
Q

a growth plate that has finished growing - Of what material is it composed?

A

epiphyseal line - bone

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43
Q

the outer covering of bone

A

periosteum

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44
Q

the inner lining of bone - covers trabeculae

A

endosteum

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45
Q

mature bone cells, immature bone cells

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts

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46
Q

bone stem cells that mature into osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)

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47
Q

white blood cells that dissolve bone

A

osteoclasts

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48
Q

the holes where blood vessels enter bone - what are these blood vessels called

A

nutrient foramina - nutrient vessels

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49
Q

the threads that adhere the periosteum to thebone

A

perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

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50
Q

What is the term for the spongy bone in flat bones?

A

diploe

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51
Q

Where in a bone does hematopoiesis (blood production) occur?

A

red marrow

52
Q

What is the difference in the location of red marrow in newborns and adults? Why is this true?

A

more red marrow as a newborn - need to make more blood cells during growth
in adults - more yellow marrow - however, yellow can convert to red if anemic

53
Q

What bones can we analyze red marrow in adults?

A

sternum and hip (coxal)

54
Q

Name and describe the three types of lamellae.

A
  1. concentric lamellae - share a central canal (1 osteon)
  2. circumferential lamellae - around entire bone
  3. interstitial lamellae - old osteons that are being remodeled
55
Q

another name for compact bone

A

lamellar bone - made of lamellae

56
Q

another name for an osteon

another name for a central canal

A

Haversian system

Haversian canal

57
Q

What is the difference between compact and spongy bone at withstanding stress?

A

compact - best at stress in one direction

spongy - good at stress from multiple directions

58
Q

How do osteons handle torsion (twisting stress)?

A

the collagen fibers within the different lamellae have their fibers running in different directions, and the calcium salts align accordingly

59
Q

the blood vessels that connect adjacent central canals - run perpendicular to the central canals

A

perforating canals

60
Q

another name for perforating canals

A

Volkmann’s canals

61
Q

the tiny, hairlike canals that connect adjacent osteocytes

A

canaliculi

62
Q

What cell junction connects the osteocytes at the canaliculi?

A

gap junctions

63
Q

What causes an osteoblast to mature into an osteocyte?

A

It surrounds itself with matrix and becomes trapped in a lacuna.

64
Q

How are the trabeculae aligned within spongy bone?

A

along lines of stress

65
Q

the organic part of the matrix of bone

66
Q

Of what 2 materials is osteoid composed?

What property does this material provide bone?

A
  1. ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
  2. collagen fibers
    This gives bone its tensile strength (flexibility)
67
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone?

What property does this material provide bone?

A

hydroxyapatite - mineral salts like calcium phosphate

This gives bone its hardness

68
Q

Why do the bones need the proper balance or organic and inorganic elements?

A

too hard and they become brittle

too flexible and they bend

69
Q

the process of bone formation (2 terms)

A

ossification or osteogenesis

70
Q

Before week 8 of embryonic development, of what two materials is the skeleton composed?

A
  1. fibrous membranes

2. hyaline cartilage

71
Q

What are the two types of ossification, and what is the difference between them?

A
  1. intramembranous ossification - in a membrane

2. endochondral ossification - in a cartilage model

72
Q

Which type of ossification is most common? Give some example bones for this type.

A

endochondral - all long bones like the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

73
Q

How does endochondral bone formation begin?

A

a periosteal bone collar forms around the perimeter of the cartilage model

74
Q

Where does the bone begin forming in the cartilage model, and what is this area called?

A

diaphysis - primary ossification center

75
Q

Where does bone formation continue within the cartilage model (after the diaphysis), and what is this area called?
When do these new areas form?

A

epiphysis - secondary ossification center

These form shortly after birth.

76
Q

As the bone gets longer and wider at the diaphysis, it takes bone away from where and deposits it where? What is the result

A 
takes away - endosteum
deposits - periosteum
The medullary (marrow) cavity enlarges and the bone stays light.
77
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary ossification?

A

secondary doesn’t make a marrow cavity

- it remains spongy bone

78
Q

The hyaline cartilage remains in two places following secondary offification. What are they?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
    (growth plate)
79
Q

From what embryonic germ layer does bone originally form? What cells are formed from this that create the membranes and cartilage?

A

mesoderm - mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells for CT)

80
Q

Around what age is the skeleton usually fully ossified? What are some of the last bones to ossify?

A

age 25 - carpals

81
Q

Bone formation exceeds bode resorption through what age?

A

adolescence

82
Q

Osteoblasts and clasts should work equally through what age range?

A

young adults - as long as active and eating a balanced diet

83
Q

Many people start losing bone mass around what age?

84
Q

“normal” bone loss

A

osteopenia

85
Q

when bone loss reaches disease proportions and a person has pathologic fractures

A

osteoporosis

86
Q

Why do women lose more bone mass than men?

A

menopause - changing levels of sex hormones

87
Q

What happens to bone with aging?

A
  1. less complete osteon formation
  2. less complete mineralization of bone
  3. diminished blood supply
  4. more nonviable (dead) bone
  5. fractures heal more slowly
88
Q

What can help bone repair in elderly?

A

ultrasound and electrical stimulation

89
Q

a congenital type of dwarfism with defective cartilage and poor endochondral bone growth - short limbs but membranous bones (skull) forms normally

A

achondroplasia

90
Q

an abnormal projection from a bone often due to overgrowth in aging bones

91
Q

pain in a bone

92
Q

inflammation of bone

93
Q

brittle bone disease due to inadequate collagen fibers

A

OI - osteogenesis imperfecta

94
Q

inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by bacteria entering the bone from either a compound fracture or a infection spreading from near the bone

A

osteomyelitis

95
Q

a bone cancer - often aggressive - can metastasize to lungs

A

osteosarcoma

96
Q

a fracture in a diseased bone

A

pathologic fracture

97
Q

placing sustained tension on a body region to keep it in alignment

98
Q

What kind of fractures are most common in people with osteoporosis?

A
  1. compression fractures of the spine - hunched over

2. “hip” fracture - broken femur at the hip

99
Q

What are the typical treatments for osteoporosis?

A
  1. calcium supplements
  2. vitamin D supplements
  3. exercise
  4. hormone replacement therapy - controversial due to side effects (stroke, heart attack, breast cancer)
100
Q

How does genetics play a role in osteoporosis?

A

a specific gene has been found to reduce serotonin which inhibits osteoblasts

101
Q

What are some other factors that contribute to osteoporosis?

A
  1. petite body frame to start with
  2. insufficient exercise or immobility
  3. poor diet
  4. abnormal vitamin D receptors
  5. smoking (reduces estrogen levels)
  6. diabetes
  7. thyroid problems - hormones
  8. carbonated beverages - leach minerals from bone
102
Q

a disease of excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption making very thick bone in some areas and too much spongy bone in others

A

Paget’s disease

103
Q

a condition of soft and painful bones - poorly mineralized

due to poor diet of Ca or not enough vitamin D to absorb it

A

osteomalacia

104
Q

osteomalacia in children - get really bowed legs

105
Q

any break in a bone

106
Q

a fracture across the long axis of a bone

A

transverse

107
Q

a fracture along the long axis of a bone

108
Q

a fracture that is out of alignment and will need to be set

109
Q

a fracture that remains in alignment

A

nondisplaced

110
Q

a fracture that breaks through the skin

A

compound or open

111
Q

a fracture that doesn’t break through the skin

A

simple or closed

112
Q

a fracture of the growth plate - what is the concern

A

epiphyseal fracture - bone might stop growing

113
Q

a common sports fracture caused by twisting

114
Q

a crushing fracture - often of vertebrae

A

compression

115
Q

a fracture in a young bone where it bends

A

greenstick

116
Q

a fracture with many shattered pieces

A

comminuted

117
Q

a broken bone is pushed inward - common in the skull

118
Q

a common wrist fracture upon falling - breaks radius at thumb

A

Colles’ fracture

119
Q

an ankle break where the medial and lateral malleolus are broken

A

Pott’s fracture

120
Q

the realignment of a broken bone

121
Q

What is the difference between an open and a closed reduction?

A

open - surgical

closed - nonsurgical

122
Q

What are the steps in fracture repair?

A
  1. fracture hematoma - clots
  2. fibrous callus forms
  3. bony callus forms
  4. remodeling
123
Q

when bone is replaced and reshaped

Why is it necessary?

A

remodeling - old bone salts get brittle.

124
Q

Why does calcium need to be removed from bones?

A

We need certain calcium levels in our blood for muscle and nerve function so we sometimes borrow from the bones.

125
Q

low calcium

high calcium

A

hypocalcemia

hypercalcemia

anatomy (9 decks)

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