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Sport Psychology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

How is information gathered in the body?

A

Both inside and outside the body, this sensory input is sent to the CNS via the peripheral nerves

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2
Q

Sensory fiberes are also called

A

Afferent fibers

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3
Q

How does sensory information travel?

A

From the PNS to the CNS

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4
Q

Sensory information types

A

Pin, pressure, temperature and chemical levels

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5
Q

Central nervous system consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

CNS Function

A

Processes and integrates sensory information can be stored to be dealt with or acted upon immediately with one or more motor responses

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system motor division

A

Carries impulses away from the CNS usually to effector organs (muscle, glands, heart)

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8
Q

Motor fibers are also called

A

Efferent fibers

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9
Q

PNS Divisions

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary control and effector organs respond to instructions from the CNS for skeletal muscle movement

Ex open window if hot

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary responses in response to CNS

EX Vasodialation

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12
Q

PNS further divisions

A

Parasympathetic (Rest and digest) and sympathetic nervous system (Fight or flight)

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13
Q

Neurons

A

Functional unit of the nervous system, has a nucleus and mitochondria

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14
Q

Neuron characteristics

A

Ability to initiate other nerve responses
Ability to conduct an impulse

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15
Q

Parts of the neuron

A

Axon, dendrite and cell body

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16
Q

Neuron parts function

A

Transmit nerve impulses, traveling from the dendrite, the receiving area to the cell body down the length of the axon

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Short branching processes that recieve information and conduct toward the cell body , branching provides a large surface area for one neuron to the next

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18
Q

Cell Body

A

Located in the CNS and form the grey matter, clusters of cell bodies are grouped in the CNS, it is called nuclei Cell bodies in the PNS are called ganglia

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19
Q

Axon

A

Info away from the cell body, can form an axon collateral, delivers the impulse to another neuron or gland or a muscle, branch at its terminal into many axon terminals

20
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Fatty material with the purpose of to protect the neuron and provide electrical insulatio, speeding up impulse tranlation.

21
Q

What are the myelin sheaths in the PNS called

A

Schwann Cells

22
Q

Outermost part of Schwann is called

A

Plasma membrane (myelinated and unmyelinated covering) which forms together the neurolemma for protection and regrowth

23
Q

What are the gaps between the Schwann cells called

A

Nodes of Ranvier Axon collaterals can occur at the node

24
Q

Unmyelinated axons transmit signals

A

Slower

25
Q

Sensory or Afferent Nerves

A

Dendrites of sensory neurons are sensory receptors and when stimulated they travel toward the spinal cord and brain

26
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

Special senses
Somatic sensory receptors- skin temp and touch
Autonomic nervous system baroreceptors throughout the body, monitoring BP, chemoreceptors, blood pH and visceral pain receptors

Proprioceptors monitoring muscle movement stretch and pain

27
Q

Motor Efferent Nerves

A

Info from the CNS to the PNS is delivered via motor nerves voluntary somatic nerve-muscle contraction
Autonomic nercous system-smooth muscle contraction or gland release

28
Q

Action potential

A

Conducted impulses to communicate sending messages from the internal and external environment to the CNS and from the CNS to muscle and glands

Occur due to movement of ions into and out of the neuron and electrical charge associated with the movement

29
Q

2 ions in action potentials

A

Sodium outside cell
Potassium inside cell

30
Q

Nerve impulses process when activated (Simple Propagation)

A

No impulse, the nerve is at rest stimulated the membrane changes permeability and sodium flows into the cell called depolarization

Changes electrical charge from positive to negative charge outside the cell as the impulse travels axon distance

Potassium ions flow out of the cell returning the electrical charge to positive inside and negative outside this is called repolarization

The sodium-potassium pump is activated to return sodium outside the cell for potassium

31
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Occurs in myelinated neurons as the electrical charge associated with the nerve impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier ( Faster than propagation)

32
Q

Refractory period

A

When action potential is activated, it cannot accept another impulse or generate another action potentialno matter how intense the impulse is

33
Q

What are glial cells and their types

A

Glial cells -support and protect neurons
Insulation
Support and protection
Nutrient supply
Waste removal
Brain circulation
Neurotransmitter regulation

Astrocytes- CNS-from blood-brain barrier regulate neurotransmitters, ion balance and repair brain and spine following injury, blood flow to the brain

Oglidendrocytes CNS-produce myelin

Microglia CNS immune cells to CNS remove debris through phagocytosis

Ependymal CNS produce cerebral spinal fluid

34
Q

Spinal cord structure

A

Begins at the foramen magnum, the largest hole at the base of the skull, which connects the brain to the rest of the body

35
Q

Spinal reflex arc

A

Receives signals from the body and relays immediate responses via motor neurons to take action without brain intervention. The brain modulates this process

Survival mechanism to the environment

36
Q

Spine size and look

A

Spine is 1inch in diameter, grey matter is in the center, divided into posterior (Dorsal or back), anterior (ventral or front), and lateral horns The spine runs from the base of the skull to the tailbone

37
Q

What neurons enter the posterior horn? What does this look like?

A

Afferent, entry area is swollen due to cell bodies, the swellings are called ganglia, these nerves then connect with motor neurons, which exit on the anterior side

38
Q

Spinal cord anatomy

A

The spine runs from the base of the skull to the tailbone, the atlas holds the skull up and the axis allows it to rotate

39
Q

Spinal axis 4 Sections

A

8 spinal nerves exit at the cervical or neck section

12 spinal nerves exit at the thoracic or chest section

5 spinal nerves exit at the lumbar or back section

5 spinal nerves exit the sacrum, at which the vertebrae is fused together

40
Q

Spinal curve description and coverings

A

Curved in an anterior-posterior (front and back and alternate between convex and concave, spine acts as spring and is similarly covered from the skull and brain

Spinal column is like the skull and the meninges are like that of the brain

41
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura mater
Pita mater
Arachaniod

42
Q

Spinal spaces and CSF

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid

CSF in these spaces are continuous with the brain

43
Q

Reflex Arc pathway

A

The skin (peripheral receptor recieves intense heat from a hot stove

Impulse travels up the nerve through the neuron body in the posterior side of the spine and into the dendrite of the posterior horn grey matter

Associateion neuron in the posterior side grey matter alerts the brain and lower motor neuron on the anterior side

Impulse exits the cord on the anteror and triggers muscle to remove hand

44
Q

Reflex arc types

A

Knee reflex test

Monosynaptic arc-no combining signal neurons Stretch in the femoral muscles to the cord and back down the femoral muscles Ex knee jerk

Polysynaptic- Antagonistic muscle of the hamstrings to not move so the femoral muscle can move the leg

45
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Exit the body in spinal segments to connect with the body and brain

Posterior and anterior mix to form a mixed nerve

Surrounded by protective muscle and bone compression ofd cord and nerves can happen with slight shifts

Mixed nerves are covered by epineurium (outer)and and group into bundles called fascicles, covered by perineurium (middle)Endoneurium covers each anxon

46
Q
A

Sport Psychology (25 decks)

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