Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
ax-
A
axis
2
Q
dendr-
A
tree
3
Q
funi-
A
small cord or fiber
4
Q
gangli-
A
a swelling
5
Q
-lemm
A
rind or peel
6
Q
meaning-
A
membrane
7
Q
moto-
A
moving
8
Q
peri-
A
around
9
Q
plex-
A
interweaving
10
Q
sens-
A
feeling
11
Q
ventr-
A
belly or stomach
12
Q
syn-
A
together
13
Q
name for nerve cells
A
neurons
14
Q
The nervous tissue, neuroglial cells provide what three functions?
A
physical support, insulation, nutrients for neurons
15
Q
2 major branches of the nervous system
A
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
16
Q
components of the CNS
A
brain, Spinal cord
17
Q
components of the PNS
A
cranial nerves, spinal nerves
18
Q
The PNS (motor division) divides into what?
A
Autonomic and Somatic
19
Q
The sensory division of the PNS picks up information internally and externally such as…
A
internally - temperature and oxygen levels
externally- light and sound intensity
20
Q
The Sensory division delivers via ____ to the ____
A
PNS, CNS
21
Q
Sensory information can create what with the Integrative Function?
A
sensations, memory, thoughts, decisions
22
Q
What happens after sensory information is integrated?
A
use motor functions to act on them
23
Q
first two steps needed for a motor function
A
a decision to act, and them an impulse carried to an effector
24
Q
What are effectors?
A
things like muscles and glands that can elicit a response
25
What are effectors controlled by?
nerve impulses
26
This branch of the PNS carries information to voluntary effectors such as skeletal muscles.
somatic
27
This branch of the PNS carries information to involuntary effectors such as smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.
Autonomic
28
Location and function of Microglia cells
CNS, phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris, form scars in damaged areas
29
Location and function of Oligodendrocytes
CNS, provide insulating layers of myelin called a myelin sheath
30
Location and function of Astrocytes
found between neurons and blood vessels, provide structural support, join parts by their cellular processes, help regulate nutrient and ion concentrations, form scar tissue to CNS injuries
31
Location and function of ependymal cells
form the epithelial like membrane lining of ventricle in brain and central canal of spinal cord (CNS), blocks substances from entering the brain (blood)
32
Location and function of Schwann Cells
PNS, produce myelin sheath around axons of myelinated neurons
33
3 basic components of the neuron
cell body, axon, dendrites
34
what part of the neuron contains the nucleus
cell body
35
What part of a neuron receives messages from other neurons
dendrites
36
What part of the neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body
axon
37
examples of other organelles in a neuron
cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, Golgi, nucleus, nucleolus
38
a network of fine threads
neurofibrils
39
similar to the rough ER of other cells (Nissl bodies)
Chromatophilic Substance
40
neuron's main receptor source, it is short, highly branched
dendrites
41
where do axons arise from
cone shaped thickening called axon hillock
42
components of an axon
many mitochondria, microtubules and neurofibrils, side branches called collaterals
43
this component may branch into many fine extensions to connect to receptive surfaces of other cells
axon
44
What are the larger axons of the PNS enclosed in
a myelin sheath produced by Schwann cells
45
what surrounds the myelin sheath
neurilema (neurilemmal sheath)
46
what are the gaps between the Schwann Cells?
nodes of Ranvier
47
what is the white matter in the CNS
myelinated axon sheaths
48
what is the gray matter in the CNS
unmyelinated axon sheaths
49
which branch of the nervous system can regenerate
PNS
50
What does the PNS have that allow it to regenerate?
neurilemma
51
instead of neurilemma, the CNS has ____
oligodendrocytes
52
explain the exception of the rule : the CNS cannot regenerate
the Brain has some neural stem cells that can rise to new neurons or neuroglia. This is found in the hippocampus near the brain's ventricles
53
Which classification of neurons meets the following description: many processes: an axon, many dendrites, found in brain and spinal cord
multipolar neurons
54
Which classification of neurons meets the following description: 2 processes: an axon, a dendrite, found in specialized parts of the eyes, nose and ears
bipolar neurons
55
Which classification of neurons meets the following description: single process, an axon, a peripheral process associated with dendrites from a peripheral body part, central process enters the brain or spinal cord
unipolar neurons
56
conducting inwards
afferent
57
conducting outwards
efferent
58
this type of neuron is afferent, and carries information into the CNS
sensory neurons
59
this type of neuron is internuncial, transmits from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another, or to motor neurons, and some aggregate in specialized masses of nervous tissue called nuclei within the CNS
Interneurons
60
this type of neuron is efferent, multipolar, and transmits impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors
motor neurons
61
when a neurotransmitter is excitatory it turns a process ____
on
62
when a neurotransmitter is inhibitory is turns a process _____
off
63
the surface or a non-stimulated or resting cell is ____
electrically charged or polarized
64
the polarization of a neuron and the return to resting state (rapid sequence of changes)
action potential
65
there are more _____ ions inside the cell
potassium
66
there are more ____ ions outside the cell
sodium
67
the ____ ions pass more easily through the cell membrane
potassium
68
____ ions are a major contributor to membrane polarization
potassium
69
when the inside of the membrane is negative relative to the outside
resting potential
70
when the inside of membrane becomes less negative when compared to the outside
depolarization
71
when the gated protein channels open what diffuses into the cell?
sodium ions
72
as the sodium ions diffuse in ____ diffuses out
potassium
73
during the diffusion of sodium and potassium ions the membrane potential may become overly _____ (hyperpolarization) but will quickly return to normal (repolarization)
negative
74
______ axons conduct impulses along their entire length
unmyelinated
75
what prevents the jump of an impulse of node to node of Ranvier between Schwann cells
myelin sheath
76
what allows an impulse to travel through a nerve faster
myelin sheath
77
the speed of a nerve impulse is proportional to what
diameter of the axon
78
the greater the diameter of the axon the ____ the impulse
faster
79
if neuron respond at all they respond _____
completely
80
the brief rest periods between action potentials that limits their frequency and sensures they are going in the same direction
refractory periods
81
range of impulse frequency
100 - 700 impulses a second
82
Excitatory neurotransmitters ______ postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions, and brings the postsynaptic membrane _____ to threshold to trigger a nerve impulse
increase, closer
83
Inhibitory neurotransmitters are _____ likely to reach threshold
less
84
How many different neurotransmitters can a neuron release?
1-3
85
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?
cytoplasm of synaptic knobs
86
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
synaptic vesicles
87
Acetylcholine location and function
CNS - skeletal
PNS - excite or inhibit depending on receptors
88
Norepinephrine location and function
CNS - sense of feeling good
PNS - excite or inhibit depending on receptors
89
Dopamine location and function
CNS - sense of feeling good, deficiency linked to Parkinson's disease
PNS - excite or inhibit autonomic NS
90
Serotonin location and function
CNS - primarily inhibitory; sleepiness; blocked by LSD
91
Histamine location and function
CNS released in hypothalamus; promotes alertness
92
Amino acids: GABA and Glutamic acid location and function
CNS - both excitatory and inhibitory (neuropeptides)
93
Substance P location and function
PNS - excitatory ; pain perception
94
Endorphins/Enkephalins location and function
CNS - inhibitory to substance P
95
Nitric Oxide location and function
PNS - vasodilation (widening of blood vessels)
96
describe the process of a neurotransmitter being released in 5 steps
(1) action potential reaches synaptic knob (2) Synaptic knob becomes more permeable to calcium ions and calcium channels open (3) calcium ions diffuse into the cell (4) some synaptic vesicles fuse to membrane and release contents into synaptic cleft (5) some neurotransmitters are decomposed by enzymes, others are recycled back to the synaptic knob
97
groups of neurons that work together to preform a common function
neuronal pools
98
Where do the neurons in a pool receive input to generate an output
its pool or other pools
99
What does to excitatory or inhibitory response from a pool affect
other pools or peripheral effectors
100
When the net effect is excitatory and the neuron is more excitable to incoming stimulation than before
facilitation
101
When a single neuron of a neuronal pool receives impulses from two or more incoming axons
convergence
102
effect of convergence
additive, reaches threshold, can evoke a response
103
When an impulse leaving a neuron or neuronal pool passes into several other neurons and so forth
divergence
