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Anatomy and Physiology > Final Test > Flashcards

Final Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a nerve cell

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2
Q

this conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

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3
Q

these receive messages from other neurons

A

dendrites

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4
Q

this is nervous tissue that provides physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons

A

neuroglia cells

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5
Q

where are microglia found and what do they do

A

CNS, phagocytize bacteria cells and cellular debris, form scars in damaged areas

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6
Q

where are oligodendrocytes found and what do they do

A

CNS, provide insulating layers of myelin called a myelin sheath

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7
Q

where are astrocytes found and what do they do

A

found between neurons and blood vessels, provide structural support, join parts by their cellular processes, help regulate nutrient and ion concentration, form scar tissue to CNS injuries

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8
Q

where are Ependymal cells found and what do they do

A

CNS, form epithelial-like membrane linings of ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord, blood-brain barrier blocks substances from entering the brain

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9
Q

where are Schwann cells found and what do they do

A

PNS, produce a myelin sheath around axons of myelinated neurons

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10
Q

This branch of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord.

A

Central Nervous System

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11
Q

This branch of the nervous system contains cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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12
Q

describe the integrative function of the peripheral nervous system

A

sensory information is used to create sensations, memories, thoughts, and decisions. Motor functions are then used to act on them

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13
Q

effectors of the PNS include ______

A

muscles and glands controlled by nerve impulses

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14
Q

sensory neurons are ______ and carry information to _____

A

afferent, CNS

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15
Q

motor neurons are ______, _______, and transmit impulses out of the ____ or _____ to ______

A

efferent, multipolar, brain, spinal cord, effectors

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16
Q

this is when impulses are conducted outward or away from the CNS

A

efferent

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17
Q

this is when impulses are conducted inward or toward the CNS

A

afferent

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18
Q

if a neuron responds, it responds _____

A

completely

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19
Q

If a stimulus threshold intensifies what stays the same and what increases

A

all action potentials maintain the same strength, but the number of action potentials per second increases

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20
Q

brief rest periods between action potentials that limit the frequency of action potentials and ensures they are going in the same direction

A

refractory period

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21
Q

common frequency for action potentials

A

100 impulses per second up to 700 impulses per second

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22
Q

this kind of neurotransmitter increases the postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions, bringing the postsynaptic membrane closer to threshold to trigger nerve impulses

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

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23
Q

this kind of neurotransmitter is less likely to reach threshold, decreasing the chance of a nerve impulse

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Explain how a reflex works

A

receptors are excited and send a signal along the sensory neuron to the spinal cord, and then passed to a motor neuron which stimulated the reflex

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25
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

the heart and blood vessels

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26
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system

A

provide oxygen and nutrients, remove wastes

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27
Q

This is located at the superior end to the right atrium and sends impulses throughout the atria.

A

SA Node

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28
Q

impulses reach this node through internodal pathways, they then travel down the branches and to the Purkinje plexus cells

A

AV Node

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29
Q

Explain how the SA and AV nodes work as a pacemaker

A

When the SA node generates the impulses, the atria contract, when the impulses pass through the AV node, the ventricles contract

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30
Q

Describe Pulmonary circulation

A

During pulmonary circulation, oxygen-poor blood leaves the heart from the right ventricle and travels to the lungs through the pulmonary artery to become oxygenated. It returns to the left atria by traveling through the pulmonary vein.

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31
Q

Describe Systemic Circulation

A

Oxygen rich blood exits the heart through the left ventricle and travels through the aorta to be distributed throughout the body. The now deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the right ventricle by traveling the vena cava.

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32
Q

this type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart, the walls are made of endothelium and smooth muscle, and the autonomic fibers in smooth muscle of vessel wall produce vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

arteries

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33
Q

this type of blood vessel connects arterioles and venules

A

capillaries

34
Q

describe the wall of a capillary

A

single layer of cells that forms a semipermeable membrane, openings in capillary walls vary from tissue to tissue

35
Q

what regulated capillary blood flow

A

precapillary sphincters

36
Q

what is exchanged through capillaries

A

gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products

37
Q

main method of transport in capillaries

A

diffusion

38
Q

what allows filtration and what does it cause

A

it is due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood, it causes net outward movement of fluid at the arteriolar end of a capillary.

39
Q

this kind of blood vessel carries blood towards the heart

A

veins

40
Q

how to the walls of veins compare to the walls of arteries

A

similar, but veins have thinner walls and contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue

41
Q

will this test be easy

A

no, make sure you know the arteries and veins, we will have to track the blood from the heart to an organ and back to the heart.

42
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the force that blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels

43
Q

what are the factors that influence blood pressure (4)

A

Cardiac Output (volume of blood discharged per minute), blood volume, peripheral resistance (friction between blood and the vessel wall), blood viscosity (how easily the molecules flow past one another)

44
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

digestive system from mouth to anus with accessory organs which secrete substances into the canal

45
Q

what are the 8 components of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

46
Q

what are the 4 accessory organs to the alimentary canal

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

47
Q

how long is the alimentary canal

A

8 meters

48
Q

name the 4 layers of the alimentary canal for most inner going outward

A

Mucosa or mucus membrane, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa or serous layer

49
Q

what is wall of the alimentary canal made of

A

review the notes and what is in each layer, I didn’t want to make an extra 20 flashcards

50
Q

This enzyme comes from the salivary glands, and begins the carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch and glycogen to disaccharides

A

salivary amylase

51
Q

this enzyme comes from gastric chief cells and begins the digestion of proteins

A

pepsin

52
Q

this enzyme comes from the pancreas and breaks down starch and glycogen into disaccharides

A

pancreatic amylase

53
Q

this enzyme comes from the pancreas and breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

pancreatic lipase

54
Q

these proteolytic enzymes comes from the pancreas and break down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

55
Q

this enzyme comes from the pancreas and breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

A

nucleases

56
Q

this enzyme comes from intestinal mucosal cells and breaks down peptides into amino acids

A

peptidase

57
Q

these enzymes come from intestinal mucosal cells and break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

A

sucrase, maltase, lactase

58
Q

this enzyme comes intestinal mucosal cells and breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

A

intestinal lipase

59
Q

this enzyme comes from intestinal mucosal cells and converts trypsinogen into trypsin

A

enterokinase

60
Q

an involuntary and wavelike muscle movement

A

peristalsis

61
Q

these cells are large phagocytic macrophages, in the inner linings of the hepatic sinusoids, they remove bacteria and foreign particles

A

Kupffer cells

62
Q

This receives and begins mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown with saliva in the oral cavity

A

mastication

63
Q

LDL (low density lipoproteins) _________ cholesterol to tissues

A

deliver

64
Q

HDL (high density lipoproteins) ______ cholesterol from tissues

A

remove

65
Q

where does HDL take the cholesterol

A

liver

66
Q

what brings nutrients into sinusoids and nourishes hepatic cells

A

hepatic portal vein

67
Q

explain the pressure differences during breathing and the structural differences that occur to increase and decrease lung volume

A

When we exhale, the pressure inside of our lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure around us, so the air wants to move out. When we inhale, our diaphragm contracts, which flattens the floor and increases the amount of space in our lungs and lowering the pressure. This means that the atmospheric pressure is now slightly higher than the pressure in our lungs, so air moves inwards.

68
Q

where does water retention occur

A

large intestine

69
Q

describe the wall of an alveoli

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium, supported by elastic and reticular fibers, surrounded by capillaries (oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse rapidly through the capillaries)

70
Q

where are alveoli found and concentrated

A

they are found on the walls of respiratory bronchioles, the further the bronchiole from the source bronchiole, the more alveolar sacs it will have

71
Q

know the parts of a kidney that were colored on the handout

A

i am bored

72
Q

how much plasma is filtered into the renal tubular system per minute

A

125-130 mL

73
Q

what percent of filtered plasma is excreted in urine

A

less than 1

74
Q

the first five days of the menstrual cycle are ______

A

the menstrual period

75
Q

this hormone is produced by the follicle beginning on the 7th day

A

estrogen

76
Q

these three hormones spike on day 14 and signal ovulation

A

FSH, LH, estrogen

77
Q

The second stage of the menstrual cycle that ranges from day 5-14

A

proliferative

78
Q

The third stage of the menstrual cycle begins on day 15 and lasts until the next menstrual period begins. This phase is called _____.

A

secretory

79
Q

what two hormones spike on day 21

A

progesterone, estrogen

80
Q

On what day is fertilization of ovum most likely to occur

A

16

81
Q

On what day of the menstrual cycle to estrogen and progesterone drop, as the unfertilized ovum begins to be absorbed

A

26

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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