Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
aliment-
A
food
2
Q
chym-
A
juice
3
Q
decidu-
A
falling off
4
Q
gastr-
A
stomach
5
Q
hepat-
A
liver
6
Q
lingu-
A
tongue
7
Q
nutri-
A
nourish
8
Q
peri-
A
around
9
Q
pyl-
A
gatekeeper
10
Q
vill-
A
hairy
11
Q
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells
A
digestion
12
Q
This type of digestion is the breakdown of larger pieces into smaller one
A
mechanical
13
Q
This kind of digestion breaks foods into simpler chemicals
A
chemical
14
Q
How long does the average metabolism take to move food through the alimentary canal
A
18 to 20 hours
15
Q
the digestive system from mouth to anuse with accessory organs which secrete hormones into the canal
A
alimentary canal
16
Q
8 main components of the alimentary canal
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
17
Q
Accessory organs to the alimentary canal (4)
A
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
18
Q
roughly how long is the alimentary canal
A
8 meters
19
Q
how many layers does the wall of the alimentary canal have
A
4
20
Q
What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal
A
mucosa or mucus membrane
21
Q
describe the structure of the mucosa
A
surface epithelium, underlying connective tissue, and small amount of smoot muscle
22
Q
how does the mucosa increase surface area for digestion
A
in some regions it is folded with tiny projections that extend in the lumen of the digestive tube
23
Q
functions of the mucosa
A
contains glands that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes, protect underlying layers as it carries on secretion and absorption
24
Q
second most inner layer of the alimentary canal
A
submucosa
25
describe the contents of the submucosa
loose connective tissue and glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
26
function of the submucosa
its vessels nourish tissues and carry away absorbed materials
27
3 most inner layer of the alimentary canal
muscular layer
28
describe the structure and contents of the muscular layer
two coats of smooth muscle tissue (provide movement of the tube), circular inner fibers (cause tube's diameter to decrease), longitudinal outer fibers that run the length of the tube (the length of the tube contracts when they contract)
29
outermost layer of the alimentary canal
Serosa or serous layer
30
describe the contents of the serosa
outer epithelial layer with connective tissue underneath (visceral peritoneum)
31
What is the function of the cells of the serosa
protect underlying tissues and secrete serous fluid to moisten and lubricate the tube's outer surface - reducing friction with other organs
32
What are the two basic movements of the alimentary canal
mixing and propelling
33
describe the mixing movement of the alimentary canal
smooth muscles in small segments of the tube contract rhythmically (happens in stomach and segmentation in small intestine)
34
describe the propelling movements of the alimentary canal
wavelike motion called peristalsis - a ring of contraction occurs in the wall of the tube
35
This receives and begins mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown with saliva in the oral cavity
Mastication
36
This is the chamber between the palate and the tongue
oral cavity
37
Lips contain __________ and ___________ for temperature and texture of food
skeletal muscles and sensory receptors
38
what covers the tongue
mucus membrane
39
what connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
lingual frenulum
40
the tongue is mostly ______
skeletal muscle
41
function of the tongue
mixes food particles with the saliva
42
what is on the surface of the tongue
papillae
43
what is the function of the papillae on the tongue
provide friction for food and contain taste buds
44
posterior or root of the tongue is anchored to the _________ and covered with ________ called _________
hyoid bone, lymphatic tissue, lingual tonsils
45
what does the palate form
roof of the oral cavity
46
what is the bony, anterior part of the palate
hard palate
47
what is in the soft palate
includes the uvula, palatine tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
48
What are the pharyngeal tonsil made of, and what do they do
made of lymphatic tissue to fight off infection
49
the deciduous teeth are call _____
primary
50
how many primary teeth are there
20 (10 in each jaw)
51
the permanent teeth are called
secondary
52
how many secondary teeth are there
32 (16 in each jaw)
53
this part of the tooth projects beyond the gum
crown
54
this part of the tooth is under the gums
roots
55
this part of the tooth covers the crown
enamel
56
this is the bulk of the tooth, beneath the enamel, made of bone like substance, but harder
dentin
57
this part of the tooth contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue
pulp cavity
58
function of saliva
moistens food, helps bind them, begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
59
saliva is a ______, dissolving food to be tasted and ______ the mouth and teeth
solvent, cleanse
60
what are the two types of secretory cells
serous cells and mucus cells
61
these cells produce watery fluid with salivary amylase to split starch and glycogen into disaccharides
serous cells
62
These cells secrete thick mucus to bind food particles and lubricate the food during swallowing
mucus cells
63
This secretes watery saliva when you see, smell, taste, or even think about appealing food
parasympathetic impulses
64
these glands are inferior to the ear, secrete clear watery fluid with amylase
parotid glands
65
these glands are on the floor of the mouth along the jaw, secrete serous and mucous
submandibular glands
66
these glands are on the floor of the mouth under the tongue, secrete mucus
sublingual glands
67
this connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus
pharynx
68
the passageway for air during breathing, auditory tubes connect pharynx with middle ears
nasopharynx
69
the passageway for food moving downward and air moving to and from nasal cavity
oropharynx
70
the passageway to the esophagus
laryngopharynx
71
describe the first stage of the swallowing mechanism
food chewed and mixed with saliva. Tongue rolls mixture into a bolus and forces it into the oropharynx
72
describe the second stage of the swallowing mechanism
food reaches oropharynx and stimulates swallowing reflex. Peristaltic wave of pharyngeal muscles force food into esophagus
73
describe the third stage of the swallowing mechanism
swallowing inhibits breathing momentarily as food is transported from esophagus to stomach
74
how long is the esophagus
25 cm
75
the esophagus is the passageway from the _________ to the _________
pharynx, stomach
75
the esophagus penetrates the _______ through the ________
diaphragm , esophageal hiatus opening
76
Mucus glands are scattered throughout the _________ of the esophagus to _______ and _________ the tube's inner lining
submucosa, moisten, lubricate
77
this sphincter is at the entrance to the stomach, prevents regurgitation
lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
78
what shape is the stomach
j-shaped (pouchlike)
79
how much can the stomach hold
1 or more liters
80
the thick folds of the stomach are also called _______
rugae
81
what layers are the rugae of the stomach
mucosal and submucosal
82
what is food mixed with in the stomach
gastric acid
83
the digestion of what macromolecule begins in the stomach
protein
84
after the stomach, food enters the ________ _________ to finish digestion
small intestine
85
this is the small area near the esophageal opening where cardiac sphincter is
cardia
85
the storage area of the stomach
fundus
86
main area of the stomach
body region
87
the narrowing of the pylorus as it leads to the small intestine
pyloric canal
88
the muscular canal that controls gastric emptying
pyloric sphincter
89
where are gastric secretions found
in the mucous membrane that is the inner lining of the stomach
90
what is the opening of gland to surface called
gastric pit
91
gastric juice is the collective secretions of what three cells
mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells
92
these cells of the stomach are in the neck of the glands, near the pit
mucous cells
93
these cells are deeper in gland, secrete digestive enzymes
chief cells
94
these cells are deeper in the gland, secrete HCl
parietal cells
95
the most important digestive enzyme
pepsin
96
pepsin is made by _________ reacting with _________
pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid
97
pepsin digests nearly all _________ down into ________
protein, polypeptides
98
pepsin is most active in _______ conditions
acidic
99
what stops the stomach from dissolving itself
mucous from mucous cells is alkaline and coats the inner lining of the stomach
100
this is secreted by parietal cells, helps small intestine absorb Vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
101
gastric juice is produced ________ but the _______ varies
continually, rate
102
how are gastric secretions controlled
neurally and hormonally
103
describe the process of a gland being stimulated to release more gastric juices
taste, smell, sight of food, or food entering the stomach, causes message to be sent from vagus nerves, stimulate release of acetylcholine from nerve endings, this causes gastric glands to secrete gastric juice, stimulates stomach to release peptide hormone gastrin and this stimulates glands to release more gastric juice
104
what is happening as food enters the small intestine
acid triggers sympathetic nerve to inhibit gastric juice secretion. Simultaneously, proteins and fats in this region trigger release of the peptide hormone, cholecystokinin, which acts to decrease gastric motility
105
what does the stomach absorb
small amounts of water, certain slats, some lipid-soluble drugs, alcohol (also small intestine)
106
this is a mix of food and gastric juice in the stomach
chyme
107
do liquids or solids move more quickly through the small intestine
liquids
108
describe the time in the stomach of different macromolecules
fats 3-6 hours, proteins are faster, carbohydrates are the quickest
109
as food enters the ______ of the small intestine secretions come form the accessory organs, _______, ________, and ________
duodenum, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
110
this type of cells makes up the bulk of the pancreas and secretes pancreatic juice
pancreatic acinar cells
111
___________ joins into the duodenum where bile duct from the _____ and _____ join the duodenum
pancreatic duct, liver, gallblader
112
this controls the movement of pancreatic juices into the small intestine
hepatopancreatic sphincter
113
pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest ________, ______, _________, and _________
carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, proteins
114
pancreatic amylase splits _______ or _______ into ______
starch, glycogen, disaccharides
115
pancreatic lipase breaks _________ into ______ and ______
triglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol
116
two nucleases in pancreatic juice break nucleic acids into _________
nucleotides
117
protein splitting enzymes (proteolytic) are ________, ________, and _________. These enzymes are released in a ______ form and once reach small intestine ____ ______ activates them.
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, inactive, other enzymes
118
regulation of pancreatic secretion is by the ______ and ______ systems
nervous, endocrine
119
____________ nerves help regulate pancreatic secretion when triggered by gastric juice secretion
parasympathetic
120
as acidic chyme enters the duodenum, duodenal mucous membrane releases _______ _______, ______ into the blood stream which stimulates the secretion of _________ ______ with high concentrations of __________ ____ to neutralize acid in chyme so intestinal enzymes will work on it
peptide hormone, secretin, pancreatic juice, bicarbonate ions
121
proteins and fats in chyme in the duodenum stimulate intestinal wall to release __________, which travels via the bloodstream to the _______. The pancreatic juice released has a high concentration of ________.
cholecystokinin, pancreas, digestive enzymes
122
what encloses the live
a fibrous capsule
123
what divides the liver into a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe
connective tissue
124
which lobe of the live is bigger
right
125
each lobe of the live is divided into many _______ _______
hepatic lobules
126
a lobule consists of many ________ radiating outward from a central vein, ________ ________ ______ separate plate-like groups of these cells from each other
hepatic cells, vascular hepatic sinusoids
127
what brings nutrients into sinusoids and nourishes hepatic cells
hepatic portal vein
128
these cells are large phagocytic macrophages, in the inner linings of the hepatic sinusoids, they remove bacteria and foreign particles
kupffer cells
129
in hepatic lobules are many fine ____ ________ that carry secretions from haptic cells to _____ _______, then to hepatic ducts which lead to the _______ _____ _____?
bile canaliculi, bile ductules, common hepatic duct
130
the liver helps maintain blood glucose levels by responding to hormones like _____ and _______ to lower blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to _______.
insulin, glucagon, glycogen
131
how does the liver raise glucose levels
breaks down glycogen to glucose and converting noncarbohydrates into glucose
132
what does the liver do to fatty acids
oxidizes
133
the liver synthesizes __________, _________, and ________ and converts part of ________ and _______ molecules into fat molecules
lipoproteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, protein
134
most vital process of the liver
protein metabolism
135
the liver ________ amino acids, forms _____, synthesizes _______, and converts certain amino acids into other amino acids,
deaminates, urea, plasma proteins
136
what does the liver store
glucogen, iron, vitamins A, D, and B12
137
how does the liver remove damaged red blood cells and foreign substances
phagocytosis
138
the liver removes _____ from the blood including alcohol and certain drugs
toxins
139
what does the liver secrete
bile
140
what color is liver bile
yellowish-green
141
what cells secrete liver bile
hepatic cells
142
what is liver bile made of
water, bile salts (most abundant, has digestive function), bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), cholesterol, and electrolytes
143
the gallbladder connects to the ______ duct and joins the _____ ____ duct together called the _____ duct
cystic, common hepatic, bile
144
the gallbladder is lined with _______ cells
epithelial
145
the wall of the gallbladder is _____
muscle
146
the gallbladder stores _____ between meals
bile
147
What stimulates the gallbladder to contract
cholecystokinin
148
bile that exits the gallbladder enters the _______
duodenum
149
what is emulsification
bile salts break fat globules into smaller droplets
150
lipase can effectively break down fate molecules after the fat droplets have mixed with ________
water
151
bile salts enhance the absorption of ______, _______, and the fat-soluble vitamins _, _, _, and _
fatty acids, cholesterol, A, D, E, K
152
What happens when there is a lack of bile
poor lipid absorption and vitamin deficiencies
153
first section of the small intestine, c-shaped
duodenum
154
2nd section of the small intestine, larger in diameter
jejunum
155
3rd section of the small intestine, held together by peritoneal membrane called mesentery. It is attached to the posterior abdominal wall
ileum
156
Mesentery supports ______ ______, _______, and ________ ______ that supply the intestinal wall (more in the jejunum than ileum)
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
157
a filmy double fold of peritoneal membrane that covers stomach, transverse colon and folds of the small intestine. It prevents spread of infection to the peritoneal cavity
Greater omentum
158
tiny projections of the mucus membrane
intestinal villi
159
villi are most numerous in _______ and proximal in _______
duodenum, jejunum
160
describe the structure of intestinal villi
made of columnar epithelium and a core of connective tissue of blood capillaries, a lymphatic capillary (called a lacteal) and nerve fibers
161
Blood vessels and lacteal carry away what
absorbed nutrients
162
what stimulates or inhibits villus activities
transmitted impulses of nerve fibers
163
between the bases of adjacent villi are _______ ______ _____ that extend into the mucous membrane
tubular intestinal glands
164
what kinds of secreting cell is abundant throughout the mucosa of the small intestine
mucus secreting goblet cells
165
specialized mucus-secreting glands in the submucosa of proximal part of _______ secrete a thick ______ mucus
duodenum, alkaline
166
where are intestinal glands found in the small intestine and why
at the base of villi - watery fluid to bring digested products to vili
167
describe the Ph and digestive abilities of the watery fluid secreted by the intestinal glands of the small intestine
near neutral, lacks digestive enzymes
168
epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa have digestive enzymes embedded in membranes of _______ on _____ surfaces
microvilli, luminal
169
this enzyme splits peptides into amino acids
peptidases
170
these 3 enzymes split disaccharides into monosaccharides
sucrase, maltase, lactase
171
this enzyme splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol
intestinal lipase
172
what secretes products while chyme is being broken down mechanically and chemically
goblet cells and intestinal glands
173
what activates nerve plexuses within the wall of the small intestine
distension of the intestinal wall
174
distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ___________ reflexes that trigger the release of ________ ________ ________
parasympathetic, small intestine secretions
175
this intestinal and pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the digestion of carbohydrates
salivary amylase
176
villi absorb _________ into ________
monosaccharides, blood capillaries
177
during carbohydrate digestion, absorption happens through _______ _______ or _______ ______
facilitated diffusion, active transport
178
this enzyme is located in the stomach and is crucial to protein digestion
pepsin
179
in addition to pepsin, _______ mucosa and ______ enzymes are important to protein and fat digestion
intestinal, pancreatic
180
how are amino acids absorbed by blood capillaries
active transport
181
during fat digestion, _____ _____ and ______ diffuse into the villi epithelial cells
fatty acids, glycerol
182
in epithelial cell ER, fats are resynthesized and cluster are encased in protein. These are called ______
chylomicrons
183
chylomicrons leave ______ and enter _______
cells, lacteal
184
_______ in lacteal transports chylomicrons to the blood stream
lymph
185
some small ______ ______ may be absorbed directly into the _______ ______ without being changes back into fat
fatty acids, blood capillaries
186
where do chylomicrons transport dietary fats to
muscles and adipose cells
187
LDL (low density lipoproteins) _________ cholesterol to tissues
deliver
188
HDL (high density lipoproteins) ______ cholesterol from tissues
remove
189
where does HDL take the cholesterol
returns it to the liver
190
how does liver dispose of cholesterol
secreting it into bile or by using it to synthesize bile salts
191
the ________ reabsorbs much of the cholesterol and bile salts in bile and are transported back to liver. THis is a secretion-reabsorption cycle repeated
intestine
192
what happens to cholesterol that escapes reabsorption
it is excreted with feces from large intestine
193
how are electrolytes absorbed
diffusion and active transport
194
how is water absorbed
osmosis
195
two basic movements of the small intestine
mixing and peristalsis
196
this moves intestinal contents along quickly, no/little absorption - also called diarrhea
peristaltic rush
197
this remains contracted between the small and large intestine until gastroileal reflex increase peristalsis in the ileum and relaxes the sphincter, forcing some of the contents of the small intestine into the cecum
ileocecal sphincter
198
beginning of the large intestine
cecum
199
attached to the cecum, no known function
appendix
200
4 sections of the colon
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
201
this is at the end of the large intestine
rectum
202
opening of the large intestine to the outside
anus
203
describe the internal anal sphincter muscle
smooth muscle, involuntary
204
describe the external sphincter muscle
skeletal muscle, voluntary
205
the large intestine has the same wall structure as the rest of the alimentary canal, but lacks ______
villi
206
the muscles of the large intestinal wall are _______
longitudinal (not uniformly distributed)
207
what are the 3 distinct bands that run the length of the large intestinal wall
teniae coli
208
the muscles of the large intestinal wall exert tension, creating a series of _______
pouches
209
what protects the wall of the large intestine against abrasive action and binds fecal particles together
mucus secreted by goblet cells (alkaline pH)
210
the proximal end of the large intestine absorbs _______
some water and electrolytes
211
where are feces stored in the large intestine
distal end
212
3 functions of the intestinal bacteria (intestinal flora)
break down some molecules such as cellulose, synthesize vitamins such as K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin which the intestinal mucosa absorbs, and produce intestinal gs (flatus)
213
describe the movements of the large intestine
mixing and peristalsis (slower than the small intestine)
214
the average person experiences mass movements __x or ___x a day, which a section of the intestinal wall contrstrics vigorously moving feces into the rectum
2,3
