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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

brady-

A

slow

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2
Q

diastol-

A

dilation

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3
Q

-gram

A

something written

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4
Q

papill-

A

nipple :)

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5
Q

syn-

A

together

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6
Q

systol-

A

contraction

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7
Q

tachy-

A

rapid

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8
Q

What are the two main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, blood vessels

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9
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system

A

provides oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from body cells

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10
Q

blood flow is how many closed pathways?

A

two

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11
Q

what are the two blood pathways

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

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12
Q

This circuit sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen and unload carbon dioxide

A

pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

The circuit sends oxygenated blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes

A

systemic circuit

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14
Q

average size comparison for a human heart

A

a person’s hands made into a fist

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15
Q

This heart covering is made of fibrous connective tissue and surrounds a more delicate, double-layers sac

A

pericardium

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16
Q

This heart covering is separated from the inner visceral pericardium by the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity

A

parietal pericardium

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17
Q

This heart covering is the innermost layer

A

visceral pericardium

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18
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall in order from outermost to innermost

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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19
Q

This layer of the heart wall protects the heart by reducing friction

A

epicardium

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20
Q

This layer of the heart wall is a serous membrane that consists of connective tissue, deeper parts may contain adipose tissue

A

epicardium

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21
Q

This layer of the heart wall is made of cardiac tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chamber

A

myocardium

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the myocardium

A

muscle fibers organized in planes, separated by connective tissue with blood and lymph capillaries and nerve fibers

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23
Q

This layer of the heart wall consists of epithelium and connective tissues containing elastic and collagenous fibers. It has blood vessels and purkinje fibers. It is continuous with the inner linings of blood vessels attached to the heart.

A

Endocardium

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24
Q

What are the specialized cardiac muscle fibers of the endocardium called?

A

Purkinje Fibers

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25
Q

another name for a complete heartbeat

A

cardiac cycle

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26
Q

systole deffinition

A

contract

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27
Q

diastole deffinition

A

relax

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28
Q

describe a cardiac cycle

A

atrials contract while ventricles relax, then ventricles contract while atrials relex, both then relax for a brief interval

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29
Q

in the lubb dupp sound, what is the lubb

A

ventricular contraction

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30
Q

in the lubb dupp sound, what is the dupp

A

ventricular relaxation when pulmonary and aortic valves are closing.

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31
Q

cardiac muscle fibers connect to form a functional _______

A

syncytium

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32
Q

describe the contraction of a syncytium

A

contracts as a unit

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33
Q

This initiates and conducts impulses throughout the myocardium

A

cardiac conduction system

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34
Q

Trace an impulse from the SA node

A

SA node - atrial syncytium, contracting atria - junctional fibers - AV node - bundle branches in septum - Purkinje fibers - ventricular syncytium

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35
Q

This records electrical charges in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

A

Electrocardiogram

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36
Q

describe the pattern of an ECG

A

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

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37
Q

what does the P wave show

A

atrial depolarization

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38
Q

what does the QRS complex show

A

ventricular depolarization

39
Q

what does the T wave represent

A

ventricular repolarization

40
Q

What factors affect the heart rate? (3)

A

physical exercise, body temp, and concentration of ions (particularly potassium and calcium)

41
Q

What part of the brain regulates autonomic impulses to the heart?

A

medulla oblongata

42
Q

What neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic impulses

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

Where are parasympathetic impulses carried to in the heart?

A

SA and AV nodes

44
Q

What does an increase in parasympathetic impulses do to the heart rate?

A

slows heart rate

45
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with sympathetic impulses?

A

norepinephrine

46
Q

What do sympathetic impulses do to the heart rate?

A

increases heart rate

47
Q

What reflexes involve the cardiac control center of the medulla oblongata?

A

baroreceptor reflexes

48
Q

What do the baroreceptor reflexes do?

A

They maintain the balance between parasympathetic inhibitory effects and sympathetic fiber excitatory effects

49
Q

an example of the baroreceptor reflex

A

rising pressure in blood vessels stretches receptors and a message is sent to the medulla oblongata, the medulla oblongata sends parasympathetic message to heart to decrease the heart rate

50
Q

Impulses from what other two areas of the brain can influence cardiac control center

A

cerebrum and hypothalamus

51
Q

examples of impulses from the cerebrum and hypothalamus affecting cardiac activity

A

fainting after emotional distress, anxiety

52
Q

arteries and arterioles carry blood _____ from the heart

A

away

53
Q

what are the walls of arteries made of

A

endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue

54
Q

what produces vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

autonomic fibers

55
Q

what connects arterioles and venules

A

capillares

56
Q

describe the wall of a capillary

A

a single layer of cells that forms a semipermeable membrane

57
Q

what regulates capillary blood flow

A

precapillary sphincters

58
Q

what is exchanged through capillaries

A

gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products

59
Q

the main transport method for materials exchanged through capillary walls

A

diffusion

60
Q

what allows for filtration in capillaries

A

hydrostatic pressure of blood

61
Q

what does filtration in capillaries allow

A

a net outward movement of fluid at the arteriolar end of the capillary

62
Q

what allows for osmosis in capillaries

A

colloid osmotic pressure

63
Q

what does osmosis in capillaries cause

A

a net inward movement of fluid at the venular end of a capillary

64
Q

what carries blood toward the heart

A

venules and veins

65
Q

how do venous walls compare to arterial walls

A

they are thinner and contain less smooth muscle and elastic tissue

66
Q

This is the force blood exerts against the inner walls of blood vessels

A

blood pressure

67
Q

this is the maximum pressure during ventricular contraction

A

systolic pressure

68
Q

this is the lowest pressure before next ventricular contraction

A

diastolic pressure

69
Q

equation for blood pressure

A

Systolic pressure/diastolic pressure = blood pressure in mmHg

70
Q

what factors influence arterial blood pressure (4)

A

cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity

71
Q

_______ is the volume of blood discharged during each ventricular contraction

A

stroke volume

72
Q

______ is the volume of blood discharged per minute

A

cardiac output

73
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

74
Q

what is the standard blood volume of a person

A

5L or 8% of bodyweight in kg

75
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

the friction between blood and vessel walls

76
Q

what is blood viscosity

A

the ease with which the molecules of a fluid flow past one another

77
Q

describe the steps it takes for the body to decrease blood pressure to normal

A

cardiac output increases - baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinuses are stimulated - sensory impulses to cardiac center of medulla oblongata - parasympathetic impulses to heart - SA node inhibited - heart rate decreases - blood pressure reaches normal

78
Q

describe the steps it takes for the body to raise blood pressure to normal

A

cardioinhibitory reflex - sympathetic - SA node - heart beats faster

79
Q

other factors that increase blood pressure (3)

A

emotional responses such as fear and anger, exercise, rise in body temperature

80
Q

This disease damages the brain due to an interrupted blood supply

A

stroke

81
Q

This is inflammation of the pericardium, causes chest pain (may feel like heart attack)

A

pericarditis

82
Q

This is any problem in the rate and/or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat

A

Arrhythmia

83
Q

this is a waxy substance found throughout the body, needed to build cells, too much is bad

A

cholesterol

84
Q

the bad cholesterol

A

LDL

85
Q

the good cholesterol

A

HDL

86
Q

most common cholesterol

A

triglycerides

87
Q

A disease that causes blood sugar to rise, may lead to cardiovascular disease

A

diabetes

88
Q

this is when a blood clot forms in a vein

A

Venous Thromboembolism

89
Q

this is the narrowing of the peripheral arteries that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body

A

peripheral artery disease

90
Q

this is a disease of the heart muscle, makes it harder to pump blood, heart muscle often becomes enlarged, thick, and rigid

A

cardiomyopathy

91
Q

This is an infection of the lining of the heart, may also affect valves

A

infective endocarditis

92
Q

This is an abnormal bulging or ballooning of part of the aorta

A

aortic aneurysm

93
Q

this disease creates inflammation in the blood vessels, especially coronary arteries, can lead to heart disease

A

Kawasaki Disease

94
Q

This is a life long condition in which the heart muscle can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for blood and oxygen

A

Heart Failure

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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