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SAM > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

physical exam of nervous system

A

inspection, on move inspection, touch, pain

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2
Q

goal of physical exam

A 
locate problem
neurological or not
central or peripheral
brain or spinal chord
what region
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3
Q

examination of head

A

posture – normal position, abnormal = lateral turn, tilted, stargazing
Shape, mobility, ears, pain

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4
Q

examination of the face

A

expression, eyelids, nostrils, ears, function of facial muscles

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5
Q

examination of the eyes

A

– position and mobility of the eyeballs and pupils

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6
Q

examination of the spine

A

curved spine: pseudokyphois. Humpbacked, dorsal deviation. Lordosis. Scoliosis

Abnormal shape or position.
Sensitivity

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7
Q

pseudokyphosis

A

curved spine

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8
Q

lordosis

A

humpbacked, dorsal deviation

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9
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal shape

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10
Q

exam of spf pain test

A

pinching with needle

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11
Q

normal response of spf pain test

A

skin twitch, draw leg away

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12
Q

behavioural response to spf pain test

A

crying, biting, turning in direction of pain —-conscious pain perception

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13
Q

examination of deep pain test

A

squeezing of digit or claw with hemostat

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14
Q

stuporous

A

reminas unresponsive to normal stimuli but responds to pain

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15
Q

comatose

A

non responsive to normal and painful stimuli

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16
Q

reduced mental function

A

depressed, obtunded, dull, blunt, indolent, somnolentia, deliriu, dementia

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17
Q

increased mental function

A

excitation, aggressive, furor

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18
Q

Episodic alteration of consciousness –

A

narcolepsy, syncope, seizure

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19
Q

Behaviour –

A

the ability to behave normal.

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20
Q

alterations in behaviour

A

aggression, vocalisation, excessive/abnormal sexual activity, excessive compulsive activity

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21
Q

Cognitive dysfunction =

A

age related behavioural change in older animals – loss of cognitive function.

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22
Q

involuntary postures –

A

head tilt, opisthosonus (star gazing), lateral turn of the head, circling, walking in circles, compulsive walking

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23
Q

special behaviour abnormalities –

A

paraesthesia, automutiliation

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24
Q

Exam of proprioception: postural reactions

A 
wheelbarrowing test
hopping tests ---(hemihopping)
 knuckling over test
extensor postural thrust reaction
- tactile and visual placing reactions
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25
Q

seizure definition

A

Paroxysmal, transitory disturbance of brain function that has sudden onset, ceases spontaneously, has a tendency to recur and originates in the prosencephalon

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26
Q

what are seizures associated with

A

loss of consciousness, excessive/decreased voluntary muscle tone or movement, visceral muscle activity, altered behaviour

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27
Q

classification of seizures by muscle function

A

tonic, clonic, tonico-clonic

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28
Q

tonic

A

Tonic – increased muscle tone

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29
Q

Clonic

A

– rapid alternate muscular contractions and relaxations

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30
Q

Tonico-clonic

A

– mixture of both

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31
Q

classification of seizure based on body pary

A

partial, complex partial, generalised

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32
Q

Partial

A

– remains localised to one body region

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33
Q

Complex partial

A

– partial seizure with loss of consciousness

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34
Q

Generalised –

A

affects brain diffusely

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35
Q

classification of seizures by etiology

A

Idiopathic epilepsy, structural, cryptogenic, extracranial

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36
Q

Idiopathic epilepsy

A

– functional disease – no structural abnormality

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37
Q

Structural epilepsy

A

– intracranial

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38
Q

Cryptogenic –

A

lesion suspected

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39
Q

Extracranial –

A

metabolic/ toxic

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40
Q

other forms of convulsions

A 
tetanus
tetany
tremor
tic
myoclonus
fibrillation
41
Q

Tetanus –

A

sustained tonic contraction of muscles without twitching

42
Q

Tetany –

A

violent muscle twitching over whole body

43
Q

Tremor –

A

regular, rhythmic trembling of musles

44
Q

Tic –

A

repetitive contraction of one muslce

45
Q

Myoclonus –

A

rhythmic contraction of one muscle group

46
Q

Fibrillation –

A

uncoordinated twitching or individual muscle fibres

47
Q

definition of paralysis

A

= abnormal posture or movement due to reduced or increased muscular tone

48
Q

methods of examining paralysis

A

inspection, palpation, evaluation of muscle tone, atony, hypotony, hypertony

49
Q

classification of paralysis

A

by severity, affected limbs, muscle tone, origin

50
Q

classification by severity

A 
Paresis = partial loss of strength
Paralysis = complete loss of strength
51
Q

classification by affected limbs

A

Monoparalysis = one limb
Tetraparalysis = all limbs
Paraparalysis = rear/ hind limbs
Hemiparalysis = ipsilateral limbs

52
Q

classification by muscle tone

A

Spastic - rigid

Atonic – flaccid

53
Q

classification by origin

A

UMN – above nucleus

LMN – in or below nucleus

54
Q

non neurological paralysis involves

A

skeletal muscles

55
Q

ataxia definition

A

Lack of coordination during muscle function

56
Q

classification of ataxia

A

by signs, anatomical origin

57
Q

classification of ataxia by signs

A 
static = signs in standing position
Locomotive = signs during movement only
Intentional = tremor of the head when fine adjustment is demanded
58
Q

classification of ataxia by origin

A 
Cortical = circling, lateral head turn, behaviour changes, altered mental state
Cerebellar = wide base stance, dysmetria- hypermetria
Vestibular = ipsilateral head tilt, leaning to affected side. nystagmus
Spinal = paresis/paralysis is frequent. Hindlimbs always affects
59
Q

N. OLFACTORIUS I. main function

A

smelling

60
Q

N. OPTICUS II. main function

A

vision

61
Q

N. OCULOMOTORIUS III. main function

A

pupils

62
Q

method of examining N. OLFACTORIUS I.

A

– food, strong stimulatory objects, exclude vision

63
Q

method of examining N. OPTICUS II.

A 
Falling cotton test
leading the animal to objects
pupillary light reflex
threat/menace reflex
Optical placing test
64
Q

methods of examining N. OCULOMOTORIUS III.

A

Examination of the position and movement of the eye balls

65
Q

other nerves responsible for movement of eyeball

A

N. OCULOMOTORIUS III
N TROCHLEARIS IV
N ABDUCENS VI

66
Q

Hyposomia

A

=partial loss of smell

67
Q

Anosomia

A

= complete loss of smell

68
Q

blindness

A

amaurosis

69
Q

Aniscoria

A

= uneven size of pupils

70
Q

Mydriases =

A

dilation of pupils

71
Q

Miosis =

A

constriction of pupils

72
Q

normal eyeball movement

A

eyeballs move simultaneously and their axis is parallel

73
Q

physiological nystagmus

A

= moving of head elicits involuntary eye movemtns

74
Q

Pathological nystagmus

A

= horizontal, vertical, rotatory

75
Q

Strabism =

A

abnormal position of the eyeballs (uni or bilateral). They are not parallel

76
Q

N. TRIGEMINUS V sensory function

A

= feeling of face, palpebral reflex, corneal reflex

77
Q

N. TRIGEMINUS V motor function

A

innervation of m. temporalis and masseter

78
Q

N FACIALIS VII. sensory function

A

gustatory fibres to rosral 2/3 of tongue

79
Q

N FACIALIS VII. motor function

A

nasal plane, lips, eyelids, mimic muscles, pinnae

80
Q

tests for n. facialis

A

Threat refles, palpebral refles, corneal refles,

81
Q

N VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS VIII function

A

hearing

82
Q

Examination of hearing

A

– calling, clapping outside visual field

83
Q

Examination of vestibular division

A

ipsilateral head tilt, ipsilateral leaning and falling, nystagmus (horizontal, slow phase toward side of lesion), mental state unaffected

84
Q

N. ACCESSORIUS XI motor function

A

m. trapezius, m. sternocephalicus, m. brachiocephalicus

85
Q

N. ACCESSORIUS XI paralysis

A

sagging of head, atrophy of muscles on neck, shoulder

86
Q

N. GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS IX AND N VAGUS X function

A

innervate pharynx

87
Q

N. GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS IX AND N VAGUS X pralysis

A

swallowing problem or pharyngeal laryngitis

88
Q

N. HYPOGLOSSUS XII function

A

Responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue

89
Q

N. HYPOGLOSSUS XII paralysis

A

bilateral lesion (prolapse of tongue), unilateral lesion (contralateral deviation of the tongue)

90
Q

N. HYPOGLOSSUS XII examination

A

protrusion and withdrawl of tongue after swallowing, strength of retraction after grasping the tongue

91
Q

reflex definition

A

an involuntary and immediate response to an appropriate stimulus

92
Q

evaluation of reflex (0-4)

A 
0 = areflexia
1= hyporeflexia
2 = normoreflexia
3 = hyperreflexia
4= hyperreflexia with clonus
93
Q

reflex irradiation

A

= a reflex elicted in a larger area/ muscle group than expected

94
Q

contralateral reflex

A

= a reflex elicted in response to a stimulus applied to the other side of the body

95
Q

2 abnormal reflexes

A

contralateral and irradiation

96
Q

• Proprioceptive reflex - thoracic limbs

A

 Extensor carpi radialis reflex
 Triceps reflex
 Biceps reflex

97
Q

• Proprioceptive reflex - pelvic limbs

A

 Patellar reflex

 Achilles reflex

98
Q

• Nociceptive reflexes

A

o Flexor reflex
o Pernineal reflex (afferent =
n. pudendalis) (efferent = anal sphincter – pudendal . tail flexion – n. rectalis caud)
o Panniculus reflex ( afferent = spinal) (efferent = n. thoracicus latealis)

99
Q

characteristics of horner’s syndrome

A

myosis
ptosis
enopthalmos
3rd eyelid prolaapse

SAM (10 decks)

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