Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
physical exam of nervous system
A
inspection, on move inspection, touch, pain
2
Q
goal of physical exam
A
locate problem neurological or not central or peripheral brain or spinal chord what region
3
Q
examination of head
A
posture – normal position, abnormal = lateral turn, tilted, stargazing
Shape, mobility, ears, pain
4
Q
examination of the face
A
expression, eyelids, nostrils, ears, function of facial muscles
5
Q
examination of the eyes
A
– position and mobility of the eyeballs and pupils
6
Q
examination of the spine
A
curved spine: pseudokyphois. Humpbacked, dorsal deviation. Lordosis. Scoliosis
Abnormal shape or position.
Sensitivity
7
Q
pseudokyphosis
A
curved spine
8
Q
lordosis
A
humpbacked, dorsal deviation
9
Q
scoliosis
A
abnormal shape
10
Q
exam of spf pain test
A
pinching with needle
11
Q
normal response of spf pain test
A
skin twitch, draw leg away
12
Q
behavioural response to spf pain test
A
crying, biting, turning in direction of pain —-conscious pain perception
13
Q
examination of deep pain test
A
squeezing of digit or claw with hemostat
14
Q
stuporous
A
reminas unresponsive to normal stimuli but responds to pain
15
Q
comatose
A
non responsive to normal and painful stimuli
16
Q
reduced mental function
A
depressed, obtunded, dull, blunt, indolent, somnolentia, deliriu, dementia
17
Q
increased mental function
A
excitation, aggressive, furor
18
Q
Episodic alteration of consciousness –
A
narcolepsy, syncope, seizure
19
Q
Behaviour –
A
the ability to behave normal.
20
Q
alterations in behaviour
A
aggression, vocalisation, excessive/abnormal sexual activity, excessive compulsive activity
21
Q
Cognitive dysfunction =
A
age related behavioural change in older animals – loss of cognitive function.
22
Q
involuntary postures –
A
head tilt, opisthosonus (star gazing), lateral turn of the head, circling, walking in circles, compulsive walking
23
Q
special behaviour abnormalities –
A
paraesthesia, automutiliation
24
Q
Exam of proprioception: postural reactions
A
wheelbarrowing test hopping tests ---(hemihopping) knuckling over test extensor postural thrust reaction - tactile and visual placing reactions
25
seizure definition
Paroxysmal, transitory disturbance of brain function that has sudden onset, ceases spontaneously, has a tendency to recur and originates in the prosencephalon
26
what are seizures associated with
loss of consciousness, excessive/decreased voluntary muscle tone or movement, visceral muscle activity, altered behaviour
27
classification of seizures by muscle function
tonic, clonic, tonico-clonic
28
tonic
Tonic – increased muscle tone
29
Clonic
– rapid alternate muscular contractions and relaxations
30
Tonico-clonic
– mixture of both
31
classification of seizure based on body pary
partial, complex partial, generalised
32
Partial
– remains localised to one body region
33
Complex partial
– partial seizure with loss of consciousness
34
Generalised –
affects brain diffusely
35
classification of seizures by etiology
Idiopathic epilepsy, structural, cryptogenic, extracranial
36
Idiopathic epilepsy
– functional disease – no structural abnormality
37
Structural epilepsy
– intracranial
38
Cryptogenic –
lesion suspected
39
Extracranial –
metabolic/ toxic
40
other forms of convulsions
```
tetanus
tetany
tremor
tic
myoclonus
fibrillation
```
41
Tetanus –
sustained tonic contraction of muscles without twitching
42
Tetany –
violent muscle twitching over whole body
43
Tremor –
regular, rhythmic trembling of musles
44
Tic –
repetitive contraction of one muslce
45
Myoclonus –
rhythmic contraction of one muscle group
46
Fibrillation –
uncoordinated twitching or individual muscle fibres
47
definition of paralysis
= abnormal posture or movement due to reduced or increased muscular tone
48
methods of examining paralysis
inspection, palpation, evaluation of muscle tone, atony, hypotony, hypertony
49
classification of paralysis
by severity, affected limbs, muscle tone, origin
50
classification by severity
```
Paresis = partial loss of strength
Paralysis = complete loss of strength
```
51
classification by affected limbs
Monoparalysis = one limb
Tetraparalysis = all limbs
Paraparalysis = rear/ hind limbs
Hemiparalysis = ipsilateral limbs
52
classification by muscle tone
Spastic - rigid
| Atonic – flaccid
53
classification by origin
UMN – above nucleus
| LMN – in or below nucleus
54
non neurological paralysis involves
skeletal muscles
55
ataxia definition
Lack of coordination during muscle function
56
classification of ataxia
by signs, anatomical origin
57
classification of ataxia by signs
```
static = signs in standing position
Locomotive = signs during movement only
Intentional = tremor of the head when fine adjustment is demanded
```
58
classification of ataxia by origin
```
Cortical = circling, lateral head turn, behaviour changes, altered mental state
Cerebellar = wide base stance, dysmetria- hypermetria
Vestibular = ipsilateral head tilt, leaning to affected side. nystagmus
Spinal = paresis/paralysis is frequent. Hindlimbs always affects
```
59
N. OLFACTORIUS I. main function
smelling
60
N. OPTICUS II. main function
vision
61
N. OCULOMOTORIUS III. main function
pupils
62
method of examining N. OLFACTORIUS I.
– food, strong stimulatory objects, exclude vision
63
method of examining N. OPTICUS II.
```
Falling cotton test
leading the animal to objects
pupillary light reflex
threat/menace reflex
Optical placing test
```
64
methods of examining N. OCULOMOTORIUS III.
Examination of the position and movement of the eye balls
65
other nerves responsible for movement of eyeball
N. OCULOMOTORIUS III
N TROCHLEARIS IV
N ABDUCENS VI
66
Hyposomia
=partial loss of smell
67
Anosomia
= complete loss of smell
68
blindness
amaurosis
69
Aniscoria
= uneven size of pupils
70
Mydriases =
dilation of pupils
71
Miosis =
constriction of pupils
72
normal eyeball movement
eyeballs move simultaneously and their axis is parallel
73
physiological nystagmus
= moving of head elicits involuntary eye movemtns
74
Pathological nystagmus
= horizontal, vertical, rotatory
75
Strabism =
abnormal position of the eyeballs (uni or bilateral). They are not parallel
76
N. TRIGEMINUS V sensory function
= feeling of face, palpebral reflex, corneal reflex
77
N. TRIGEMINUS V motor function
innervation of m. temporalis and masseter
78
N FACIALIS VII. sensory function
gustatory fibres to rosral 2/3 of tongue
79
N FACIALIS VII. motor function
nasal plane, lips, eyelids, mimic muscles, pinnae
80
tests for n. facialis
Threat refles, palpebral refles, corneal refles,
81
N VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS VIII function
hearing
82
Examination of hearing
– calling, clapping outside visual field
83
Examination of vestibular division
ipsilateral head tilt, ipsilateral leaning and falling, nystagmus (horizontal, slow phase toward side of lesion), mental state unaffected
84
N. ACCESSORIUS XI motor function
m. trapezius, m. sternocephalicus, m. brachiocephalicus
85
N. ACCESSORIUS XI paralysis
sagging of head, atrophy of muscles on neck, shoulder
86
N. GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS IX AND N VAGUS X function
innervate pharynx
87
N. GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS IX AND N VAGUS X pralysis
swallowing problem or pharyngeal laryngitis
88
N. HYPOGLOSSUS XII function
Responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue
89
N. HYPOGLOSSUS XII paralysis
bilateral lesion (prolapse of tongue), unilateral lesion (contralateral deviation of the tongue)
90
N. HYPOGLOSSUS XII examination
protrusion and withdrawl of tongue after swallowing, strength of retraction after grasping the tongue
91
reflex definition
an involuntary and immediate response to an appropriate stimulus
92
evaluation of reflex (0-4)
```
0 = areflexia
1= hyporeflexia
2 = normoreflexia
3 = hyperreflexia
4= hyperreflexia with clonus
```
93
reflex irradiation
= a reflex elicted in a larger area/ muscle group than expected
94
contralateral reflex
= a reflex elicted in response to a stimulus applied to the other side of the body
95
2 abnormal reflexes
contralateral and irradiation
96
• Proprioceptive reflex - thoracic limbs
Extensor carpi radialis reflex
Triceps reflex
Biceps reflex
97
• Proprioceptive reflex - pelvic limbs
Patellar reflex
| Achilles reflex
98
• Nociceptive reflexes
o Flexor reflex
o Pernineal reflex (afferent =
n. pudendalis) (efferent = anal sphincter – pudendal . tail flexion – n. rectalis caud)
o Panniculus reflex ( afferent = spinal) (efferent = n. thoracicus latealis)
99
characteristics of horner's syndrome
myosis
ptosis
enopthalmos
3rd eyelid prolaapse
