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Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Order of examination of the cardio vascular

A

history, general condition, heart, blood vessels (arterial, venous, capillary systems), blood.

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2
Q

History

A

fatigue, exercise intolerance, dyspnea, tachypnea, ascites, syncope

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3
Q

left sided heart failure indication

A

Pulmonary oedema

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4
Q

right sided heart failure (cats also left) indication

A

Thoracic fluid accumulation –

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5
Q

ascites symptoms

A

right sided heart failure, hypoproteinaemia, peritonitis, neoplasma, liver cirrhosis, thrombosis, bleeding

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6
Q

physical exam

A

inspection (heart and vessels), palpation (heart and vessels), percussion (heart), auscultation (heart)

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7
Q

inspection

A

abnormalities of thorax, heart beat location and intentisy

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8
Q

palaption

A 
pain
location of heart beat
dislocation of heart beat (caused by tumour, abscess, pneumothorax, diaphragmatic hernia, malformation), 
strength of heart beat, 
fremitus (thrill)
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9
Q

where to find the heartbeat

A

(left = 3-6 ICS) (right = 3-5 ICS),

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10
Q

percussion

A

detect fluid accumulation
space occupying lessions,
PTX,
area of cardiac dullness

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11
Q

reasons for dullness

A 
cardiac enlargement
pericardial effusion
cardiac dislocation
false enlargement
fluid accumulation
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12
Q

FRIDA

A

frequency, rhythm, intensity, demarcation, adventitious sounds.

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13
Q

frequency

A

coincides with pulse rate

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14
Q

intensity

A

normally strong and even.

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15
Q

Pounding beat

A

= increasing of the first and second sound.

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16
Q

Reduced heart sound

A

= decreased cardiac output

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17
Q

demarcation

A

distinctiveness of the cardiac sounds

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18
Q

Adventitious sounds

A

murmurs –

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19
Q

types of murmurs

A

either endocardial or extracardial

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20
Q

endocardial murmur

A

turbulence - location, intensity, relation to cardiac cycle, pitch

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21
Q

extracardial murmurs

A

location and intensity can be heard in different phases, either pericardial or pleuropericardial

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22
Q

causes of endocardial murmurs

A

morphological, functional

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23
Q

morphological causes of endocardial murmurs

A

valve deformaties, septal or vessel malformations

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24
Q

functional causes of endocardial murmurs

A

– innocent murmurs, anemia: decreased blood viscosity

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25
extracardial mur,urs cause
inflammation
26
classification of endocardial murmurs
``` localisation intensity relation to phase of cardiac cycle frequency character conduction ```
27
methods of examining arteries
digital palpation - pulse blood pressure measurement blood flow registration
28
pulse examination
size, rhythm, strength, duration, symmetry, compressibility
29
pulse pressure
difference btw systolic and diastolic blood pressure
30
systemic arterial blood pressure
cardiac output x totatl peripheral resistance
31
normal findings of pulse
symmetry, rate, rhythm, size, strength and duration
32
abnormal findings of pulse
irregular pulse, uneven pulse, large hyperkinetic pulse (pulsus magnus), small hypokinetic pulse (parvus),
33
compressibility of pulse
strong or weak | hard or soft
34
duration of pulse
sluggish, skipping, full, empty
35
methods of examination of veins
inspection, palpation, measurement of central venous pressure
36
what to check on jugular vein
degree of fullness | movement within vein
37
Venous stasis compression test:
abnormally slow or stands out and feels tense. No emptying below the compression point
38
undulation
influenced by breathing
39
Negative or atrial venous pulse –
can be normal or due to right sided heart failure
40
Positive or ventricular pulse –
increased right ventricular pressure and improper valve closure during systole --- always pathological
41
Pathological vein pulse
– systolic, pronounced, persists after compression test
42
direct Central venous pressure test
catheterization or accurate fluid replacement
43
indirect Central venous pressure test
– examination of peripheral veins
44
capillary examination
examine mm cranial and caudal
45
coloured mm
cyanotic
46
pale mm
poor oxygenation, vasoconstriction
47
Fullness of capillaries
``` empty (=peripheral circulatory insufficiency) increased fullness (=light red) over filling (=congestion) ```
48
systole
period of contraction of ventricles occuring between first and second heart sounds
49
diastole
period of relaxation and filling of chambers with blood
50
what is US of heart used to examine
parenchymal and fluid filled organs
51
how are images made
by sending a pulse of US into a tissue using a probe
52
how is an echo formed
the sound wave encounters the border of 2 neighbouring materials with different densities and part of the sound wave is reflected back to the probe
53
what causes the black colour on the US
if sound travels fully through a material and no echos are reflected
54
acoustic impedance equation
density x acoustic velocity
55
2 types of transducers
linear and sector
56
what is an ecg
measurememt in amplitude and time of potential differences of electrical current generated through depolar and repolar of cardiac structures
57
eithhoven triangle
negative on rihgt forelimb | positive on left hind limb
58
P wave
due to atrial depolarisation
59
Q wave
due to fast depolarisation
60
R wave
due to large ventricular depolarisation
61
S wave
due to repolarisation of the heart base
62
T wave
ventricular repolarisation
63
2 adjustable parameters
speed and sensitivity
64
segment definition
the distance without a wave
65
interval definition
distance with wave
66
indication of tall P
right atrial enlargement | sinus tachycardia
67
indication of notch in P
normal in bigs dogs
68
indication of wide P
left atrial enlargement | interatrial block
69
no P wave
atrial fibrillation | atrial standstill
70
overlapping P and T waves
atrial depolarisation at teh same time as ventricular repolar
71
indication of wide QRS
left ventricular enlargement bundle branch block ectopic beat
72
indication of tall QRS
left ventricular enlargement | ectopic beat
73
indication of abnormal shape QRS
ectopic beat | bundle branch block
74
indications to do an ecg
bradycardia irregular heart beat tahcycardia

SAM (10 decks)

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