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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory input

A

information gathered my sensory receptors about internal and external changes

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2
Q

Integration

A

interpretation of sensory input
body ignores 99% of sensory input
happens in brain

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3
Q

Motor output

A

activation of effector organs produces a response

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4
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord
Integration and command center
100 billion neurons
protected by skull and vertebral bodies

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from and CNS

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6
Q

Sensory Division

A

Afferent division. Somatic afferent fibers convert impulses from skin, muscles and joints
Visceral afferent fibers convey impulses from visceral organs

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7
Q

Motor Division

A

Efferent: Transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system. Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

A

Involuntary Nervous system. regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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10
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Upregulation: Fight or Flight: Mobilizes body systems during activity

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11
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Downregulation: Conserves energy. Promotes housekeeping functions during rest

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12
Q

Neurons

A

Do not undergo cell division. Can live over 100 years. High metabolic rate, require continuous O2 and glucose.

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13
Q

Neuroganglia

A

Glial Cells. Supporting cells.

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14
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant in brain, versatile and branched glial cells.
Cling to neurons and capillaries, support and brace them.
Determine capillary permeability, control chemical environment, participate in information processing

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15
Q

Microglia

A

Migrate towards injured Neurons. phagocytose microorganisms and neural debris.
Defensive cells of CNS

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16
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

squamous to columnar cells that may be ciliated.
Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord.
separate CNS fluid from CSF in cavities.

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17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulated myelin sheaths.

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18
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Neuroglia in the PNS that surround neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

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19
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Neuroglia that surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths. Vital to regeneration of damages PNS fibers.

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20
Q

Cell body

A

biosynthetic center and receptive region

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

extend from cell body and receive signals from axon terminal of preceding neuron

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22
Q

Axon

A

Impulse generating and conducting region

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23
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Secretory region to dendrites of next cell. Secretes neurotransmitters to dendrites of next cell.

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24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Spaces between myelin sheaths along axon where new impulse is produced

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25
Q

Anterograde Movement

A

Movement toward the axon terminal. mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes.

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26
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Movement toward the cell body. Organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, foreign invaders.

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27
Q

Neurilemma

A

Peripheral bulge of schwann cell cytoplasm

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28
Q

White Matter

A

Dense collections of myelinated fibers

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29
Q

Gray Matter

A

Mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

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30
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

1 axon and several dendrites. Most abundant

motor neurons and interneurons

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31
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

1 axon and 1 dendrite. Rare.Retinal and olfactory neurons

32
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Single, short processes that have two branches.

Have a peripheral process and a central process. Generally sensory neurons

33
Q

Interneurons

A

Shuttle signals through CNS pathways. Most are entirely within the CNS

34
Q

Resting Membrane potential

A

Approximately -70mV in neurons. Inside is more negative than the outside. ICF has lower concentration of Na and Cl

35
Q

Permeability of Membrane

A

Impermeable to proteins
Slightly permeable to Na
Very permeable to K
Freely permeable to Cl

36
Q

Graded potential

A

Incoming short distance signals. dissipate quicker

37
Q

Action Potentials

A

Long-distance signals of axons.

Brief reversal of membrane potential, with inside of cell reaching +30

38
Q

Depolarization

A

A reduction in membrane potential toward zero. Increases probability of nerve impulse.
-55 is the critical level

39
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

An increase in the membrane potential away from zero.

Reduces probability or producing a nerve impulse

40
Q

Resting State

A

Only leakage channels are open (always are). All gates channels are closed

41
Q

Depolarization Phase

A

Depolarizing local currents reach threshold, voltage gates Na channels open and depolarize membrane

42
Q

Repolarizing Phase

A

Na gates close, Slow voltage gates K channels open. K exits the cell and internal and internal negativity is restored.

43
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Some K channels remain open, allowing excess K efflux. This hyperpolarizes the membrane. Allows for Na/K pumps to restore resting ionic conditions

44
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Time form the opening of Na channels until the resetting of the channels. Ensures AP is all or none, and one way.

45
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Is the period of depolarization. Period where repolarization is occurring. Prevents tetani, only a very strong stimulus can generate a new AP

46
Q

Conduction Velocity depends on…

A

Axon diameter and Myelination.

47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Jumping of AP from one node of ranvier to another. an effect of myelination. 30x faster. voltage gated channels are located at the nodes.

48
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease where myelin sheaths are degraded. results in loss of muscle control, weakness, etc.
Can be treated by immune system modifying drugs.

49
Q

Group A Fibers

A

Large diameter, myeliated somatic sensory and motor fibers.

50
Q

Group B Fibers

A

Intermediate fiber, lightly myelinated ANS fibers

51
Q

Group C fibers

A

Smallest diameter, unmyelinated ANS fibers.

52
Q

Synapse

A

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to another, or an effector cell.

53
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulses toward the synapse

54
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits impulses away form the synapse

55
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

Less common that chemical synapses. Neurons are coupled by gap junctions. Some brain regions and embryonic nervous tissue

56
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

Specialized release and reception of neurotransmitters.

57
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Fluid-filled space separating pre and postsynaptic neurons. Prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next.
Ensures unidirectional communication

58
Q

Information Transfer at Synapse

A

AP arrives at axon terminal and opens voltage-gated Ca channels. Protein binds Ca and promotes exocytosis of synaptic vessels.
Neurotransmitter minds postsynaptic neuron, causes a graded AP to be sent.

59
Q

Synaptic Delay

A

rate limiting step of neural transmission. The time it takes for the neurotransmitter to pass synapse

60
Q

Post-synaptic Potentials

A

Graded potentials.
EPSP - Excitatory
IPSP - Inhibitory

61
Q

Temporal Summation

A

2 EPSP’s come in together at the same time to fore an AP

62
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Two stimuli 2 different locations cause EPSP’s that add together

63
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter released at all neuromuscular junctions, and in the heart. Broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Synthesized by acetyltransferase.
Excitatory in muscle
Inhibitory in heart

64
Q

Catecholamines

A

Dopamine, NE, and epinephrine.

65
Q

Indolamines

A

Serotonin and Histamine

66
Q

Substance P

A

Mediator of pain signals

67
Q

Endorphins

A

Act as natural opiates, reduce pain perception

68
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Synthesized on demand. Activated cyclic GMP. Involved in learning and memory.

69
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Involved in learning and memory

70
Q

Direct Actions

A

Create rapid responses. Neurotransmitter binds directly to channel linked receptor

71
Q

Indirect Action

A

Neurotransmitter binds to a G linked protein and acts through a second messenger. Promotes long-lasting effects

72
Q

Neural Integration

A

Functional groups of neurons that integrate incoming information and forward that information to other destinations

73
Q

Simple Neural Pool

A

Single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in pool.

74
Q

Diverging circuit

A

One fiber stimulates an ever increasing number of fibers, often amplifying circuits.

75
Q

Serial processing

A

Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination, in al all or none manner to produce a specific response.
Reflexes

76
Q

Nerve cells arise from…

A

The Ectoderm

77
Q

Growth cone at tip of axon interacts with….

A

Cell surface adhesion proteins (N-CAMs)
Neurotropins that attract or repel growth cone
Nerve growth factor which keeps neuroblast alive
2/3 or neurons die before birth

Anatomy (7 decks)

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