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Anatomy > Cardiophysiology > Flashcards

Cardiophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epicardium

A

(upon the heart) visceral layer of the serous pericardium. Right on top of muscle layer.

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2
Q

Myocardium

A

spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells. fibrous skeleton of the heart.

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3
Q

Endocardium

A

continuous of endothelial lining of blood vessels. The inner layer of the heart. under muscle layer

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4
Q

Atria

A

Means entry way. Small, thin-walled walls ridges by pectinate muscles. S, I Vena cava and coronary sinus enter into R atrium.

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

Discharging chambers. walls are ridges by trabeculae carnae. Papillary muscles project into ventricular cavities. Left is thicker than right

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6
Q

Papillary muscles

A

They brace the ventricle for contraction.

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7
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

Shortest circulation in the body. Right and left coronary

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8
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Right coronary –> R. Marginal Artery, Post. intraventricular artery (PDA).
Left Coronary –> LAD, circumflex

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9
Q

Coronary Veins

A

small cardiac, anterior cardiac, great cardiac. drain into coronary sinus and into R atrium

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10
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium

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11
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Prolonged coronary blockage. Areas of cell death are replaced with noncontractile scar tissue.

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12
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

“Heart strings” go from valves to the papillary muscles

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13
Q

3 types of heart muscle

A

Atrial, ventricular, autoregulatory.

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14
Q

The heart has a long…

A

absolute refractory period. Increases cardiac output, allows time for filling.

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15
Q

Things that make cardiac muscle unique

A

Branching, 1 or 2 nucleii generally in the middle. Intercalated discs (gap junctions, desmosomes). Lots of mitochondria

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16
Q

T-tubule

A

Increases surface area of the cell. allows calcium to dive into the cell for absorption.

17
Q

Intrinsic cardiac conduction

A

A network of noncontractile (autothythmic) cells that initiate and distribute impulses to coordinate the depolarization of the heart.

18
Q

Pathway of the electrical heartbeat

A 
Begins in SA node
Internodal pathway to AV node
Impulse delayed in AV node and bundle
AV bundle takes impulse to ventricles
L and R bundles of purkinjie fibers take impulses to Ventricles
19
Q

Autorhythmic cells

A

Have unstable resting potentials due to open slow Na channels.
At threshold, Ca channels open
Repolarization results from inactivation of Ca channels and opening of voltage gated K channels

20
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Acts as pacemaker. Generates impulses at about 75 times/minute.
Depolarizes faster than any other part of the myocardium.
“normal sinus rhythm”

21
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

Smaller fibers, fewer gap junctions.
Depolarizes about 50 times/minute.
“Junctional rhythm”

22
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle

A

Bundle of His

Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles.

23
Q

R and L bundle branches

A

2 pathways in interventricular septum that carries impulses toward the apex of the heart.

24
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Complete the pathway to apex and ventricular walls. Only depolarize 30 times/minute in absence of AV node input.

25
Q

Cardiac centers are located in…

A

Medulla Oblengota

26
Q

S1

A

AV valves close (mitral and tricuspid). Lub

27
Q

S2

A

Semilunar valves close (atrial and pulmonic). Dub

28
Q

Isovolumetric contraction and relaxation

A

Period where all 4 valves are closed.

29
Q

3 factors that affect Stroke volume

A

preload –> EDV
afterload –>ESV
contractility –> ESV

30
Q

Preload

A

The degree of cardiac muscle stretch before they contract.
Stretching of cardiac cells results in an increase of contractile force.
Increased venous return increases contraction force.

31
Q

Inotropic agents

A 
Positive increase contractility:
 - increased Ca
 - Hormones (epi, glucagon, thyroxine)
Negative decrease contractility
 - Acidosis
 - Increased extracellular K
 - Ca channel blockers
32
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood.
Hypertension increases afterload, which results in increased ESV and reduced SV
Results in hypertrophe

33
Q

Chronotropic Factors

A

Positive increase HR
Negative decrease HR
HR and contractility must go up together for adequate perfusion.

34
Q

Parasympathetic response

A

Ach hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K channels

The heart exhibits a vagal tone

35
Q

Atrial (Bainbridge) reflex

A

A sympathetic reflex initiated by increased venous return.
Stretch of atrial walls stimulates the SA node
Also stimulates atrial stretch reflexes activating sympathetic reflexes.

36
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Decrease HR and contractility. End in lol

37
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

Decrease contractility

38
Q

L sided heart failure leads to…

A

RIght sided heart failure

Anatomy (7 decks)

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