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Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Putuitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pineal
Responses occur more slowly, but tend to last longer than the nervous system.
Ductless

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2
Q

Hormones

A

long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood and lymph

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3
Q

Autocrines and Paracrines

A

Are local chemical messengers and will not be considered part of the endocrine system

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4
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

The majority: Amines, thyroxine, peptides, proteins

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5
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesizes from cholesterol. Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones. Affect the DNA of the cell.

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6
Q

Hormone action on cells

A

Alters plasma membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels.
Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins
Activate or deactivate enzymes inducing secretory activity.
Stimulates mitosis

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7
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

Amino acid based hormones. Cannot enter target cells, so act on plasma membrane receptors. Coupled by G proteins and start second messenger system.

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8
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones.

Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes.

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9
Q

cAMP signaling mechanism

A

Hormone binds to receptor
Receptor activates G protein
G protein increases or decreases adenylate cyclase
AC converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
cAMP activates protein kinases
Large cascade occurs within cell

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10
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to decreased levels of hormones

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11
Q

Down-regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to high levels of hormone

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12
Q

Many hormones travel on…

A

Albumin

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13
Q

Most hormones that are not bound have…

A

a short half-life in the body

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14
Q

Permissiveness

A

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present

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15
Q

Synergism

A

More than one hormone produces the same effect on a target cell

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16
Q

Antagonism

A

One or more hormones oppose the actions of another hormone

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17
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones.

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18
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

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19
Q

Posterior pituitary (lobe)

A

Pituicytes and nerve fibers

Secretes Oxytocin, ADH (actually made in hypothalamus)

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20
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL (prolactin)

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21
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Stimulates most cells, but targets bone and skeletal muscle.
Promotes protein synthesis, encourages use of fats for fuel.
Enhances body protein, uses fat stores, conserves carbs.

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22
Q

GHRH, GHIH

A

Growth hormone releasing and inhibiting hormones made in the hypothalamus.

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23
Q

Too much GH

A

In children results in giantism

In adults results in acromegaly (large jaw, long-fingered hands, big feet, long brow.)

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24
Q

Too little GH

A

pituitary dwarfism

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25
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Thyrotropin (TSH).
Produced by anterior pituitary.
Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid.

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26
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (released from hypothalamus) regulates TSH .

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27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)

A

Secreted by the anterior putuitary. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids.
regulated by CRH in the hypothalamus

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28
Q

LH and FSH

A

LH promotes FSH which promotes gamete production.

29
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary.

stimulates milk production in breast tissue.

30
Q

ADH and Oxytocin are released in response to…

A

Nerve impulses

31
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Triggers milk ejection
Plays a role in sexual arousal

32
Q

Pituitary tumors

A

Symptoms include bilateral decrease in visual field.

Can be seen on CT at sella tursica

33
Q

ADH

A

Synthesized by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary.

34
Q

ADH deficiency

A

DIabetes Insipidus (mimicks diabetes)
Not retaining water or sodium
polyuria

35
Q

ADH hypersecretion

A

Hypertension
Congestive heart failure
Edema

36
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Produces calcitonin, TH (T3 is more active than T4)

37
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A 
Major metabolic hormone.
Increase metabolic rate and heat production.
Maintains blood pressure
Tissue growth, developmental growth
Reproductive capabilities
38
Q

Action of TH

A

Diffuses into nucleus and acts on DNA synthesis which leads to protein synthesis
Hypothalamic TRH regulates TH release

39
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Weight Gain, Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, constipation.
Dx, TSH and T4
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: may see goiter
Tx: Synthroid

40
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

High metabolism, irritability, palpitations, sweating, diarrhea, high appetite, tremmor
Grave’s disease: exopthalmus (surgical)
TSH and T4 are used to diagnose
Tx: destroy thyroid gland: radioactive iodine

41
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produces by parafollicular cells.
Antagonist to PTH
Inhibits osteoclast activity
Reduces blood Calcium

42
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Chief cells release PTH
Most important hormone in Ca homeostasis
Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix
Promotes activation of vitamin D

43
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hyperplasia of parathyroid gland, adenoma
- Bones soften and deform
- Elevates Calcium, kidney stones
Tx: Removal of parathyroid gland(s)

44
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Following gland trauma or removal.
Hypocalcemia
Results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and even death.

45
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Made of nervous tissue, part of the sympathetic nervous system. Secretes Epi and Norepi

46
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Three layers of glandular tissue that synthasize and secrete corticosteroids.

47
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Makes aldosterone

48
Q

Zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids and small amounts of androgens and estrogens

49
Q

Zona reticularis

A

andosterone et. al

50
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone is the most potent in the body.
Regulates electrolytes in the body
Regulated by ACTH

51
Q

Aldosteronism

A

Hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors.
Hypertension
Excretion of K leading to abnormal functions of neurons and muscle

52
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Keep blood sugars relatively constant.
Cortisol - most potent glucocorticoid
Cortocosterone - less potent
Under control of ACTH

53
Q

Hypersecretion of Cortisol

A 
Cushings Syndrome
Depresses cartillage and bone formation
inhibits inflammation
depresses immune system
Buffalo Hump
54
Q

Hyposecretion of Cortisol

A

Addison’s disease
Weight loss
Hypotension
severe dehydration

55
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Sex hormones
Most are androgens (male sex hormones)
Converted to testosterone in tissue cells
Estrogen in females

56
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin

  • timing of sexual maturation and puberty
  • day/night cycles
57
Q

Pancreas

A

You know

58
Q

Acinar Cells

A

Produce enzyme rich juice for digestion

59
Q

Pancreatic Cells

A

Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells

60
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)

61
Q

Beta Cells

A

Produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

62
Q

Somatostatin

A

inhibits insulin and glucagon

63
Q

Glucagon

A

Acts on liver
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Synthesis of glucose

64
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood glucose levels

enhances membrane transport of glusose into fat and muscle cells

65
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Due to hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin.
cellular membranes are resistant to insulin
- polyuria
- polydipsia
- polyphagia

66
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

Excessive insulin secretion

  • hypoglycemia
  • decreased LOC
67
Q

DKA

A 
Generally occurs in Type I diabetes
Marked hyperglycemia
Dehydration and increase in ketones (acidosis)
Need fluids and insulin
initially high K, then hypokalemia
68
Q

End organ effects of DM

A 
Cardiovascular disease
Retinopathy
Peripheral Neuropathy
Kidney Failure (microprotinuria)
 - should be on ACE inhibitor to protect kidneys

Anatomy (7 decks)

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