Nervous Physiology 2

Question 1

Regions of the thalamus

Answer 1

Anterior, lateral and medial nuclei

Question 2

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 2

Relays between the hypothalamus and the limbic system.

Question 3

Lateral nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 3

Where the special and somatic senses synapse.

Question 4

Medial nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 4

Relay information from the limbic system and basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex.

Question 5

Pathway of sensory information in the brain

Answer 5

Primary sensory cortex, association area, multimodal integration area.

Question 6

Primary sensory area

Answer 6

Region of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory input from an ascending pathway from the thalamus.

Question 7

Association area

Answer 7

Region of the cortex connected to the primary sensory cortical area that further processes the information to generate more complex sensory perceptions.

Question 8

Multimodal integration area

Answer 8

Region of the cerebral cortex in which information from multiple sensory modalities are processed.

Question 9

Major routes for proprioceptive signals to reach the cerebellum

Answer 9

Anterior and posterior spinothalamic tracts.

Question 10

What does the cerebellum use sensory information for?

Answer 10

To adjust position, balance and movements.

Question 11

Which part of the brain initiates movements?

Answer 11

Prefrontal cortex, then the primary motor cortex.

Question 12

Corticospinal tract

Answer 12

Axons descend from the cortex through the deep white matter of the cerebrum

Question 13

Appendicular muscles are innervated by which part of the spinal cord?

Answer 13

The lateral corticospinal tracts.

Question 14

Trunk muscles are innervated by which part of the spinal cord?

Answer 14

Anterior corticospinal tract

Question 15

Corticobulbar tract

Answer 15

Runs from the cortex to the nuclei of the CNS. Most cranial nerves work this way.

Question 16

Basal ganglia

Answer 16

Program automatic movement sequences and sets tone by inhibiting other motor circuits.

Question 17

Damage to basal ganglia causes

Answer 17

Tremors and twitches

Question 18

Which types of fibers are involved in nociception?

Answer 18

A-delta fibers (myelinated) and C fibers (unmyelinated)

Question 19

A-delta fibers involved in nociception

Answer 19

Are myelinated and feel fast, sharp pain.

Question 20

C fibers involved in nociception

Answer 20

Are small and unmyelinated and cause deep, aching pain.

Question 21

Where do impulses from nociceptors travel?

Answer 21

The dorsal side of the spinal cord and then enter the dorsal horn.

Question 22

Gate theory

Answer 22

There is a bottleneck somewhere that allows only some impulses to get through.

Question 23

Substantia gelatinosa

Answer 23

The bottleneck point involved in nociception.

Question 24

Effects of limbic system on pain

Answer 24

Descending tracts can influence substantia gelatinosa and perception of pain.

Question 25

Endogenous opiates

Answer 25

Substances produced by the CNS which alter pain perception.

Question 26

Types of pain

Answer 26

Nerve root, sclerotome, referred, sympathetic, acute, chronic and non-nociceptive

Question 27

Nerve root pain

Answer 27

Pain in a dermatome supplied by a nerve. Also called radicular pain.

Question 28

Sclerotomal pain

Answer 28

Deep connective tissues supplied by a spinal segment.

Question 29

Referred pain

Answer 29

Pain origination from deep visceral structures that is perceived to come from somatic structures that share the spinal segment.

Question 30

Sympathetic pain

Answer 30

Reflexive pain. Exhibits a non-dermatomal and sclerotomal pattern.

Question 31

Acute pain

Answer 31

Warning pain of tissue damage

Question 32

Chronic pain

Answer 32

Learned pain in which the nervous system has been sensitized to pain. Is deep and aching and does not always indicate tissue damage.

Question 33

Non-nociceptive pain

Answer 33

Damage to the central nociceptive system causes previously non-painful stimuli to become painful.

Question 34

Which fibers are the slowest and detect sharp pain?

Answer 34

A-delta fibers

Question 35

Gamma motor units

Answer 35

Motor units that are used exclusively to innervate the muscle spindles.

Question 36

Annulospiral sensory neuron

Answer 36

Structure of the muscle spindle that mostly monitors the rate of change of length

Question 37

C fibers

Answer 37

Result in the perception of chronic pain

Question 38

Nuclear bag fibers

Answer 38

Component of muscle spindles that is primarily phasic in nature.

Question 39

Substantia gelatinosa location

Answer 39

In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Question 40

Adaptation speed of phasic receptors

Answer 40

Rapid adaptation

Question 41

Fastest conducting nerve fibers

Answer 41

A-alpha

Question 42

Where are Pacinian Corpuscles found?

Answer 42

In the connective tissue around a joint

Question 43

Flowerspray sensory neurons monitor what?

Answer 43

The length of a muscle

Question 44

Muscle spindles

Answer 44

A proprioceptive sense organ that is found in muscle bellies. They monitor the change in length.

Question 45

Intrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 45

Specialized muscle cells found within muscle spindles. Include nuclear chain fibers and nuclear bag fibers.

Question 46

Nuclear chain fibers

Answer 46

Muscle cell that is mostly paired with flowerspray sensory neurons to sense muscular length. They are a tonic receptor with continuous firing.

Question 47

Nuclear bag fibers

Answer 47

Muscle cells with a baggy middle portion. Mostly paired with annulospiral and sense the rate of change of length. They are a phasic receptor and adapt quickly.

Question 48

Extrafusal fibers

Answer 48

Muscle cells found outside of the spindle. Innervated by alpha motor neurons.