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Year 1 Make-up > CNS Pathology > Flashcards

CNS Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the brain

A

Cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum

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2
Q

Components of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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3
Q

Parts of the brain that are grey matter

A

Cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

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4
Q

Parts of the brain that are white matter

A

The myelinated axons found beneath the cortex.

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5
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, thalamus, hypothalamus

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6
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

Motor functions, behaviour, emotions, higher intellectual functions

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7
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A

Sensory functions

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8
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe

A

Hearing and smell

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9
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe

A

Visual

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10
Q

Functions of the thalamus

A

Integration of sensory stimulation

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11
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Connects and regulates many bodily functions.

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12
Q

Functions of the midbrain

A

Visual and auditory reflex centres

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13
Q

What is found in the medulla oblongata?

A

Cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centres.

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14
Q

Function of the pons

A

Bridge between cerebellar hemispheres

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15
Q

Functions of the cerebellum

A

Regulates motor activites and integrates sensory impulses from the spinal cord and vestibular organs.

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16
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura, arachnoidea and pia mater

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17
Q

Disease classifications of the CNS

A

Hemodynamic, tumours, infections, autoimmune, developmental, genetic, environmental.

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18
Q

Hemodynamic disorders of the CNS

A

Stroke, hemorrhage and global ischemia.

19
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

A nerve pathway between the brain and one side of the face is disrupted. Results from another medical condition.

20
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhages

A

Rupture of intracerebral vessels. Can be caused by head trauma, stroke, hypertension and abnormal coagulation.

21
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Bleeding between the skull and the dura. Due to trauma and rupture of the middle meningeal artery.

22
Q

Symptoms of an epidural hematoma

A

Being knocked out, then waking up, then rapid deterioration.

23
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid. Usually due to trauma. Causes non-specific symptoms due to increased pressure.

24
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhages

A

Bleed between the arachnoid and the pia mater. Caused by the rupture of an aneurysm or trauma.

25
Q

Global ischemia

A

Condition that results from a short term drop in blood pressure. Secondary to some other problem.

26
Q

Neoplasms of the CNS

A

Have a very high mortality. Half are primary and the other half are secondary. Primary tumours cannot metastasize.

27
Q

Infections of the CNS

A

Typically caused by bacteria and viruses, but can also come from fungi, protozoa or prions.

28
Q

How can infectious agents enter the CNS?

A

Blood, septic emboli, sinuses or trauma that exposes the CNS.

29
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges secondary to another infection.

30
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A

Headache, stiff neck, decreased consciousness, delirium.

31
Q

Encephalitis

A

Infection of the brain parenchyma. Viral, caused by herpes, chicken pox and West Nile virus. Similar symptoms to meningitis.

32
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Virus that multiplies in the oropharynx or lower GI tract. Spreads through the lymph and blood to the CNS. Originally causes fever, headache, sore throat and vomiting. If it gets into the CNS, it causes non-paralytic, then paralytic symptoms.

33
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Infection of the seventh cranial nerve. Causes unilateral facial droop and the inability to fully close the eye.

34
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Chronic autoimmune disease which causes loss of mylination in the CNS.

35
Q

Anencephaly

A

The fetal brain does not fully develop.

36
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Defect in the back in which there is protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord.

37
Q

Meningocele

A

Defect in the back in which the meninges protrude but the spinal cord does not.

38
Q

Spina bifida

A

Absense of musculoskeletal elements in the back with possible exposure of meninges or the spinal cord.

39
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome

A

Injury to one side of the spinal cord. Results in ipsilateral motor loss and contralateral pain and temperature loss.

40
Q

Athetosis

A

Condition in which abnormal muscular contraction causes involontary spasm and abnormal posture, typically due to neurological disease or drug effects.

41
Q

Dystonia

A

State of abnormal muscle tone resulting in muscular spasm and abnormal posture.

42
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Neurodegenerative disease which causes motor weakness and progressive wasting of muscles, starting in the hands.

43
Q

Friedrich’s ataxia

A

Nuromuscular disease which affects the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and heart. Hereditary and causes decreased energy production in affected cells.

Year 1 Make-up (7 decks)

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