Cell physiology Flashcards
Types of proteins in a cell membrane
Integral and peripheral
Integral membrane proteins
Proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Includes channels, receptors and cell recognition proteins.
Peripheral membrane proteins
Typically attached onto an integral protein and performs a specific function.
Proteins which perform secondary active transport
Symporters and antiporters
Components of the cytoskeleton
Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
Glycolysis net actions
Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate. Uses 2 ATP to generate 4. Is anaerobic.
Krebs/ citric acid cycle
Converts pyruvate to acetyl choline and NADH and FADH2. Is aerobic.
Electron transport chain
Uses NADH and FADH2 to aerobically generate 34 ATP
ATP generated per glucose
Total 36. 2 in glycolysis, 2 in CAC and 34 in ETC.
Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose.
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from other materils
Langerhans cells
Macrophage of the epidermis.
Regions of the dermis
Papillary and reticular layers.
Qualities of muscle cells
They are excitable, elastic, extensible and contractile.
Skeletal muscle cell description
Striated and multinucleated
Cardiac muscle cell description
Striated and uninucleated.
Smooth muscle cell description
Non-striated and uninucleated.
Regulatory proteins of muscle
Troponin and tropomyosin
Contractile proteins of muscles
Actin and myosin
How are muscle cells triggered?
By acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
When does muscle contraction stop?
When the signal from the neuron ends. Repolarization and degradation of acetylcholine occurs.
Slow oxidative fibers
Fibers which contract slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. Have more mitochondria and blood vessels. Red in colour.
Fast oxidative fibers
Contract faster and use aerobic respiration but may switch to anaerobic if required. Used for moderate activities such as walking.
