Cell physiology

Question 1

Types of proteins in a cell membrane

Answer 1

Integral and peripheral

Question 2

Integral membrane proteins

Answer 2

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane. Includes channels, receptors and cell recognition proteins.

Question 3

Peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 3

Typically attached onto an integral protein and performs a specific function.

Question 4

Proteins which perform secondary active transport

Answer 4

Symporters and antiporters

Question 5

Components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 5

Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.

Question 6

Glycolysis net actions

Answer 6

Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate. Uses 2 ATP to generate 4. Is anaerobic.

Question 7

Krebs/ citric acid cycle

Answer 7

Converts pyruvate to acetyl choline and NADH and FADH2. Is aerobic.

Question 8

Electron transport chain

Answer 8

Uses NADH and FADH2 to aerobically generate 34 ATP

Question 9

ATP generated per glucose

Answer 9

Total 36. 2 in glycolysis, 2 in CAC and 34 in ETC.

Question 10

Glycogenesis

Answer 10

Formation of glycogen from glucose.

Question 11

Glycogenolysis

Answer 11

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

Question 12

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 12

Synthesis of glucose from other materils

Question 13

Langerhans cells

Answer 13

Macrophage of the epidermis.

Question 14

Regions of the dermis

Answer 14

Papillary and reticular layers.

Question 15

Qualities of muscle cells

Answer 15

They are excitable, elastic, extensible and contractile.

Question 16

Skeletal muscle cell description

Answer 16

Striated and multinucleated

Question 17

Cardiac muscle cell description

Answer 17

Striated and uninucleated.

Question 18

Smooth muscle cell description

Answer 18

Non-striated and uninucleated.

Question 19

Regulatory proteins of muscle

Answer 19

Troponin and tropomyosin

Question 20

Contractile proteins of muscles

Answer 20

Actin and myosin

Question 21

How are muscle cells triggered?

Answer 21

By acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 22

When does muscle contraction stop?

Answer 22

When the signal from the neuron ends. Repolarization and degradation of acetylcholine occurs.

Question 23

Slow oxidative fibers

Answer 23

Fibers which contract slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. Have more mitochondria and blood vessels. Red in colour.

Question 24

Fast oxidative fibers

Answer 24

Contract faster and use aerobic respiration but may switch to anaerobic if required. Used for moderate activities such as walking.

Question 25

Fast glycolytic fibers

Answer 25

Fast contracting fibers which mainly use anaerobic glycolysis and creatine phosphate. Fatigue quickly.