Nervous and Neuromuscular system Flashcards
How is the nervous system organised, and what are the functions of its different parts?
It is separated into two categories, the Central nervous system and the Peripheral nervous system. The CNS analyzes and collects impulses from the PNS and accumulates a response. The PNS is everything but the CNS, the nerves, and the ganglia. Its function is to send incoming sensory information to the CNS as well as transmit outgoing responses.
What are the 2 categories of the PNS?
The Afferent(Sensory) and Efferent(Motor) division. The afferent division receives incoming information, sends nerves impulses to CNS from the joint, fasciae, skin and visceral organs.
The Efferent division is outgoing information and separated into somatic and autonomic systems.
The Somatic nervous system sends impulses to our skeletal muscles while the autonomic system sends impulses to our smooth and cardiac muscles as well as our glands.
What is the basic component of our nervous system?
It is the neuron. It consists of many dendrites and only one axon. The dendrites carries nerve impulses to the cell body and the axon carries electrical signals away from the body.
What are proprioceptors and where are they located?
Proprioceptors gathers sensory inputs about our kinesthetic awareness and is located in our joints, skin, muscles and inner ear.
What is the proprioceptor located in muscle? Explain its types
The musculotendinous muscle, is responsible for muscle control and coordination. Its types are the Golgi Tendon Organ and the Muscle Spindle. The GTO senses tension and is located between the muscle belly and the tendon. If the tension is high, GTO will activate and inhibit the muscle from exerting more tension, protecting the individual from injury. The muscle spindle senses stretching and the speed of stretch and is located within the muscle belly and is arranged parallel to the muscle fibers. If it senses that there is overstretching or the speed of the stretch is too fast, it will send a reflex arc signal to the spinal cord to prevent you from overstretching to prevent injury from occuring.
How do the muscle spindle and the GTO work together?
During low force, long duration of static stretching, there will be an increase in muscle tension due to muscle lengthening. About 7-10 seconds, muscle tension will cause GTO activation. During GTO activation, the muscle spindle will be inhibited to allow further stretching. After the removal of the stretch stimulus, the muscle spindle quickly reestablishes its stretch threshold.
How do you improve your range of motion?
Low-grade muscle contraction(50% of contraction) of the antagonist muscle for 6-15 seconds will inhibit the muscle spindle of the agonist muscle, allowing the agonist muscle to be stretched. Immediately after, the individual should stretch as the rate of recovery for muscle spindle after inhibition is fast to improve range of motion.
What are tendons defined as?
Tendon of origin, which is the less mobile and proximal bone of the 2 articulating bones of the joint. And the tendon of insertion, the more mobile and distal bone of the 2 articulating bones. These two are stated in attachment sites.
What to consider when designing an effective workout program
1) Muscle Attachments
2) Supporting structures around the muscle, e.g. your agonist and antagonist muscles
What’s the difference between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism?
Aerobic uses oxygen as fuel for continuous movement while anaerobic uses energy in your muscles for a short burst of high intensity movement.
Describe the microanatomy of muscle fibers
Muscle fibers have cross strained appearances of alternating dark and light bands. The dark bands or a bands contain myosin filaments and contain tiny projections called cross bridges and the light bands/I band contain actin filaments which overlap with the myosin filaments. In the center of the I band, there is a dense Z line that separates the myofibrils into segments called sarcomeres which is a functional contractile unit of a muscle fiber, it starts from one z line and ends at the next. At the center of the sarcomere, there is a lighter and less dense H zone, it is lighter due to actin not overlaping it as well as myosin becoming thinner in this region. A thin, darker M line then crosses the center of H zone.
