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MCAT BIOLOGY > NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

WHERE DO NEURONS RECEIVE INFO?

A

DENDRITES

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2
Q

WHERE DO NEURONS SEND INFO?

A

SOMA

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3
Q

WHERE DO NEURONS SEND IMPULSES?

A

AXON

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4
Q

`WHAT ARE AXONS COMPOSED OF?

A

MYELIN SHEATH

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MYELIN SHEATH AND WHAT KIND OF CELLS PRODUCE THEM?

A

INCREASE SIGNAL SPEED; MADE SCHWANN CELLS

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6
Q

WHAT IS SALTATORY CONDUCTION?

A

SIGNAL JUMPING FROM NODE TO NODE; OCCURS IN THE NODES OF RANVIER

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7
Q

WHAT IS RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL?

A

-70mV; ESTABLISHES NEGATIVE CHARGE WITHIN INTERIOR OF THE CELL CAUSING THE CELL TO BE POLARIZED

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8
Q

WHAT ARE GLIAL CELLS?

A

SPECIALIZED, NON-NEURONAL CELLS THAT PROVIDES STRUCTURAL AND METABOLIC SUPPORT TO NEURONS; DOESNT GENERATE ACTION POTENTIALS

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9
Q

SCHWANN CELL FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

PNS; FORMS MYELIN AND INC ACTION POTENTIALS SPEED

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10
Q

OLIGODENDROCYTES FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS; FORMS MYELIN AND INC ACTION POTENTIALS SPEED

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11
Q

ASTROCYTES FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS; GUIDE NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT; REGULATES SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION VIA REGULATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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12
Q

MICROGLIA FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS; REMOVE DEAD CELLS AND DEBRI

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13
Q

EPENDYMAL CELLS FUNCTION AND NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPE?

A

CNS: PRODUCE AND CIRCULATE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

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14
Q

WHAT IS AN EXCITATORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL?

A

OPEN CHANNELS; DEPOLARIZING THE POST-SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE ( - TO + )

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15
Q

WHAT IS AN INHIBITORY POST-SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL?

A

POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE IS MORE (-) THAN RESTING POTENTIAL ( + TO - )

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16
Q

WHAT IS SUMMATION?

A

DECISION BY POSTSYNAPTIC NEURONS WHETHER TO FIRE AN ACTION POTENTIAL IS DETERMINED BY ADDING THE EFFECTS OF ALL SYNAPSES INVOLVED

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17
Q

WHAT IS SPATIAL SUMMATION?

A

IPSP AND EPSP SUMMED AT GIVEN MOMENT

EX: 3 POSITIVE CHARGES + 2 NEGATIVE CHARGES = OVERALL POSITIVE CHARGE

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18
Q

WHAT IS TEMPORAL SUMMATION?

A

PRESYNAPTIC FIRES ACTION POTENTIAL SO RAPIDLY THAT EPSP AND IPSP PILE ON TOP OF EACH OTHER

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19
Q

WHAT IS THE CNS MADE UP OF?

A

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; SENSORY FUNCTION

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20
Q

WHAT IS THE PNS MADE UP OF AND FUNCTION?

A

NERVES AND SENSORY STRUCTURES OUTSIDE OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; INTEGRATIVE CENTER

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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 PARTS OF THE BRAIN ?

A

HINDBRAIN, MIDBRAIN, FOREBRAIN

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22
Q

WHAT IS THE MAKEUP OF THE BRAINSTEM?

A

THE MIDBRAIN, MEDULLA, AND PONS

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23
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PONS?

A
  • CONTROLS SOME AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS AND COORDINATES MOVEMENT

- PLAYS A ROLE IN BALANCE AND ANTIGRAVITY PRESSURE

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24
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA?

A

RELAYS INFO BETWEEN OTHER BRAIN AREAS AND REGULATES VITAL AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS (BP; VOMITING)

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25
Q

WHAT MAKES UP THE HINDBRAIN?

A

CEREBELLUM, MEDULLA, AND PONS

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26
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBELLUM?

A

INTEGRATING SYSTEM, HAND-EYE COORDINATION, RECEIVES INFO FROM THE INNER EAR

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27
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE MIDBRAIN?

A

RELAYS VISUAL AND AUDITORY STARTLE REFLEXES; CONTAINS THE RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)
- RAS = AROUSAL AND WAKEFULNESS

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28
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION AND MAKEUP OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM?

A

AMYGDALA AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS; EMOTION AND MEMORY

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29
Q

WHAT IS MAKEUP OF THE FOREBRAIN?

A

DICEPHALON AND TELEOCEPHALON

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30
Q

WHAT IS THE MAKEUP OF THE DICEPHALON ?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS, EPITHALAMUS, AND THALAMUS

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31
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE THALAMUS?

A

SENSORY RELAY CENTER; ALL SENSORY INFO COMES HERE FIRST

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32
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS?

A

EMOTION & AUTONOMIC FUNCTION; HORMONE PRODUCTION AND RELEASE; MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS

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33
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE EPITHALAMUS?

A

AROUSAL; SLEEP/WAKE; CONTAINS PINEAL GLAND (MELATONIN)

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34
Q

WHAT IS THE MAKEUP OF THE TELEOCEPHALON ?

A

CEREBRUM AND CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

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35
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRUM?

A

LARGEST BRAIN REGION CONTAINING THE LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES

36
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES?

A

CONNECTED BY CORPUS COLLASUM; LEFT=SPEECH; RIGHT=VISUAL-SPATIAL, REASONING, AND MUSIC

37
Q

WHAT IS WHITE MATTER?

A

MYELINATED AXONS IN BOTH THE CNS AND PNS

38
Q

TRACT

A

WHITE MATTER IN THE BRAIN

39
Q

COLUMN

A

WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL CORD

40
Q

NERVE

A

WHITE MATTER IN THE SPINAL PNS

41
Q

WHAT IS GREY MATTER?

A

UNMYELINATED AXONS IN BOTH THE CNS AND PNS

42
Q

NUCLEUS

A

GREY MATTER IN THE DEEP BRAIN

43
Q

CORTEX

A

GREY MATTER ON THE BRAIN SURFACE

44
Q

HORN

A

GREY MATTER IN SPINAL CORD

45
Q

GANGLION

A

GREY MATTER IN THE PNS

46
Q

FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION

A

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT AND PROBLEM SOLVING

47
Q

PARIETAL LOBE FUNCTION

A

GENERAL SENSATIONS; GUSTATION

48
Q

TEMPORAL LOBE FUNCTION

A

PROCESS AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY SENSATIONS; SHORT-TERM MEMORY

49
Q

OCCIPITAL LOBE FUNCTION

A

VISUAL SENSATION AND PROCESSING

50
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT; Ach Only

51
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

52
Q

WHAT MAKES UP THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- PRE-> POST-> ORGAN

53
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

REST AND DIGEST

  • REDUCE HR, RESPIRATION RATE, AND BP
  • INC BLOOD FLOW; VESSELS WOULD DILATE
  • ACH AT ORGAN
54
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?

A

FRIGHT, FLIGHT, FLIGHT, SEX

  • INC BODY ACTIVITY
  • INC HR, RESPIRATION RATE, AND BP
  • STIMULATES ADRENAL MEDULLA TO RELEASE EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE; PEPTIDE HORMONE) INTO BLOOD TO ENHANCE SYMPATHETIC EFFECTS
55
Q

WHAT IS THE IRIS?

A

THE COLORED PART OF THE EYE

56
Q

WHAT IS THE LENS?

A

FOCUSES LIGHT ON THE RETINA

57
Q

WHAT IS THE CORNEA?

A

EXTERNAL, TRANSPARENT LAYER OF THE EYE

58
Q

WHAT IS THE CILIARY MUSCLE?

A

FOCUES LIGHT ON THE RETINA

59
Q

WHAT IS THE PUPIL?

A

OPENING IN THE MIDDLE OF THE EYE

60
Q

WHAT IS THE FORVEA CENTRALIS?

A

EXTREME VISUAL ACUITY

61
Q

WHAT IS THE RETINA?

A

CONTAINS ROD AND CONE CELLS TO DETECT LIGHT

62
Q

WHAT IS THE OPTIC DISK?

A

BLINDSPOT FORMED BY NO PHOTORECEPTORS AND RETINA AXCON

63
Q

WHAT ARE CONE CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTION?

A

HIGH INTENSITY OF LIGHT, COLOR VISION, HIGHER ABS. THRESHOLD, MORE CONCENTRATED IN FORVEA

64
Q

WHAT ARE ROD CELLS AND THEIR FUNCTION?

A

LOWER LIGHT INTENSITY, DIM LIGHT, WHITE AND BLACK VISION

65
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE EYES WHEN THE LIGHT IS OFF?

A

CELLS RELEASE GLUTAMATE NEUROTRANSMITTER (Na+ GATES OPEN)

66
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE EYES WHEN THE LIGHT IS ON?

A

GLUTAMATE NEUROTRANSMITTER STOP RELEASE (Na+ GATES CLOSE)

67
Q

WHAT IS EMMETROPIA?

A

NORMAL VISION

68
Q

WHAT IS MYOPIA?

A

NEARSIGHTEDNESS; LIGHT FOCUSED IN FRONT OF THE RETINA; CAN BE FIXED WITH CONCAVE LENSES

69
Q

WHAT IS HYPEROPIA?

A

FARSIGHTEDNESS; LIGHT FOCUSED BEHIND THE RETINA; CAN BE FIXED WITH CONVEX LENSES

70
Q

STEPS OF HEARING, START TO FINISH?

A

PINNA DIRECTS SOUND INTO THE CANAL -> TYMPANIC MEM -> MALLEUS -> INVUS -> STAPES -> SEMICIRCULAR CANALS -> COCHLEA ->

71
Q

WHAT IS PITCH?

A

FREQUENCY OF SOUND

72
Q

WHAT DOES A HIGH FREQUENCY INDICATE?

A

NEAR THE OVAL WINDOW

73
Q

WHAT DOES A LOW FREQUENCY INDICATE?

A

AWAY FROM THE OVAL WINDOW

74
Q

WHAT DOES A LOUD SOUND INDICATE?

A

HIGHER AMPLITUDE

75
Q

WHAT DOES A QUIET SOUND INDICATE?

A

SHORTER AMPLITUDE

76
Q

WHAT IS AUTOCRINE ACTIVITY?

A

SOME SIGNALING MOLECULES MODIFY ACTIVITY OF THE CELL THAT SECRETED THEM

77
Q

WHAT KINDS OF HORMONES ARE HYDROPHOBIC?

A

PEPTIDES AND AA DERIVATIVES

78
Q

WHAT KINDS OF HORMONES ARE HYDROPHILIC?

A

STEROID

79
Q

WHERE ARE PEPTIDE HORMONES TRANSCRIBED AND TRANSLATED?

A

NUCLEUS AND THEN RER, STORED IN VESICLES AND THEN EXOCYTOSED WHEN NEEDED

80
Q

HOW DO PEPTIDE HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD STREAM?

A

USES cAMP 2nd MESSENGER

81
Q

WHAT IS THE KEY FEATURE OF THE PEPTIDE HORMONE?

A

SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION

82
Q

HOW DO STEROID HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD STREAM?

A

CAN FREELY DIFFUSE THRU CELL MEMBRANE TO ITS RECEPTOR IN THE CYTOPLASM -> BIND TO ITS LIGAND -> STEROID-HORMONE COMPLEX TRANSPORTED TO THE NUCLEUS -> SPECIFIC TO SEQUENCE REGULATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION

83
Q

WHERE ARE PEPTIDE HORMONES TRANSCRIBED AND TRANSLATED?

A

NUCLEUS AND THEN SER

84
Q

HOW DOES CALCITONIN PERFORM - FEEDBACK IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

A

CALCITONIN PREVENTS Ca2+ FROM PEAKING ABOVE NORMAL LEVELS

85
Q

WHAT ARE TROPIC HORMONES?

A

HORMONES REGULATING OTHER HORMONES

86
Q

EXAMPLE AND MECHANISM OF A TROPIC HORMONE?

A

ACTH SECRETED BY THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

87
Q

HOW DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS SECRETE CRH?

A

THE HYPO SECRETES CRH -> WHICH INCREASES THE SECRETION OF ACTH-> CORTISOL INHIBITS CRH

MCAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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