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MCAT BIOLOGY > CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT PROTEIN FINISHES TRANSLATION IN CYTOSOL?

A

CYTOSOLIC PROTEINS

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2
Q

WHAT PROTEINS FINISH TRANSLATION IN THE RER?

A

SECRETED PROTEINS, LYSOSOMAL PROTEINS, TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS, AND ER/GOLGI RESIDENT PROTEINS

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3
Q

FOR EUKS., WHERE DOES ALL TRANSCRIPTION AND MRNA MODIFICATION OCCUR?

A

IN THE NUCLEUS

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4
Q

FOR EUKS., WHERE DOES ALL TRANSLATION BEGIN?

A

IN THE CYTOSOL

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5
Q

WHAT DO ALL RER-BOUND PROTEINS POSSESS?

A

A SIGNAL SEQUENCE

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6
Q

WHAT IS A SIGNAL SEQUENCE ?

A

A HYDROPHOBIC AA SEQUENCE THAT DICTATES THE STOP OF TRANSLATION AND THE MOVEMENT TO THE RER

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7
Q

WHAT KINDS OF PROTEINS HAVE THEIR SIGNAL SEQUENCE FIRST FEW AA’S TRANSLATED AND THEN REMOVED UPON TRANSLATION?

A

SECRETED AND LYSOSOMAL PROTEINS

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8
Q

WHAT KIND OF PROTEIN HAS THEIR SIGNAL SEQUENCE ANYWHERE IN THE AA SEQUENCE, THAT CAN APPEAR MANY TIMES, AND REMAINS A PART OF THE TRANSMEMBRANE IN THE PROTEIN (NOT REMOVED)?

A

MEMBRANE-BOUND PROTEINS

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9
Q

WHAT ARE SIGNAL RECOGNITION PROTEINS (SRPs)?

A

PROTEINS THAT DOCK SECRETED PROTEINS TO THE RER MEMBRANE FOR PROTEIN TRANSLATION

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10
Q

WHAT KINDS OF PROTEINS DO MEMBRANE-BOUND PROTEINS GIVE RISE TO AND WHY ?

A

TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS DUE TO THE SIGNAL SEQUENCE NOT BEING ABLE TO BE REMOVED FROM THE PROTEIN AND GIVING RISE TO MANY PROTEIN DOMAINS

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CELL MEMBRANE ?

A
  1. PROTEINS
  2. CARBOHYDRATES
  3. LIPIDS
  4. CHOLESTEROL
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12
Q

WHAT DO SATURATED FATS DO TO THE CELL MEMBRANE?

A

MORE RIGIDITY

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13
Q

WHAT ARE ELECTROLYTES?

A

SUBSTANCES, THAT WHEN DISSOLVED IN H20, PRODUCE IONS

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES?

A

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, VAPOR PRESSURE ELEVATION, BOILING POINT ELEVATION, AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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15
Q

WHEN THE # OF SOLUTE PARTICLES INCREASE, WHAT COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES DECREASE?

A

FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION AND VAPOR PRESSURE ELEVATION

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16
Q

WHEN THE # OF SOLUTE PARTICLES INCREASE, WHAT COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES INCREASE?

A

BOILING POINT ELEVATION AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE FREEZING POINT OF WATER?

A

0 DEGREES CELCIUS

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE BOILING POINT OF WATER?

A

100 DEGREES CELCIUS

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19
Q

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE VAPOR PRESSURE WHEN THE SOLVENT IN A SOLUTION BEGINS TO EVAPORATE?

A

THE VAPOR PRESSURE DECREASES

20
Q

WHAT IS THE INHERENT FUNCTION OF G-PROTEINS?

A

GTP ACTIVITY (HYDROLYZING GTP TO GDP)

21
Q

WHAT IS THE PROCESS INVOLVING G-PROTEINS AND cAMP?

A

GTP TO GDP ACTIVATES ADENYL CYCLASE TO PRODUCE cAMP –> INC IN cAMP ACTIVATES cAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES –> CHANGES THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND COULD FURTHER THE SIGNAL

22
Q

WHAT IS MEANT BY THE 9 + 2 MT LAYER?

A

OUTSIDE LAYER OF MICROTUBULES IS CONNECTED BY DYENIN CONTRACTION

23
Q

WHAT ARE DESMOSOMES?

A

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT CELLS

24
Q

WHAT ARE TIGHT JUNCTIONS?

A

FOUND NEAR THE APEX OF CELLS; SEALS LUMENS AND SEPARATES ENVIRONMENTS

25
Q

WHAT ARE GAP JUNCTIONS?

A

TUNNEL SHARED BETWEEN 2 CELLS; ALLOWS FOR CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION; CARDIAC CELLS

26
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE G1 STAGE OF THE CELL CYCLE?

A

CELL GROWTH; NORMAL CELL ACTIVITY

27
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE S STAGE OF THE CELL CYCLE?

A

“S” STAGE MEANS SYNTHESIS INDICATING THAT THIS IS THE STAGE WHERE DNA REPLICATION IS OCCURRING

28
Q

WHICH INTERPHASE STAGE IS THE MOST REGULATED?

A

G1–>S

29
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE G2 STAGE OF THE CELL CYCLE AND WHAT DOES THE CELL LOOK LIKE AT THIS TIME (CHROMATIDS OR CHROMOSOMES)?

A

CELL GROWTH; PREPPING FOR MITOSIS; SISTER CHROMATIDS

30
Q

WHAT OCCURS DURING PROPHASE?

A
  1. BUILDING THE MITOTIC SPINDLE
  2. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISAPPEARANCE
  3. CONDENSE DNA
31
Q

WHAT OCCURS DURING METAPHASE?

A
  1. CHROMOSOME ALIGNMENT @ THE CELL CENTER
32
Q

WHAT OCCURS DURING ANAPHASE?

A
  1. SEPARATE SISTER CHROMATIDS

2. BEGINS CYTOKINESIS

33
Q

WHAT OCCURS DURING TELOPHASE?

A

REVERSE PROPHASE:

  1. BREAKING DOWN THE MITOTIC SPINDLE
  2. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE APPEARANCE
  3. ELONGATE DNA
34
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER?

A
  1. RESULTING FROM DNA CHANGES IN SEQUENCES (MUTATIONS) OF KEY GENES
  2. START FROM SINGLE CELLS WITH MUTATED DNA
  3. CELL GROW AND DIVIDE WITHOUT CONTROL
  4. MIGRATES TO SURROUNDING TISSUE
35
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 CANCER-CAUSING GENES?

A

ONCOGENES AND TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES

36
Q

WHAT ARE ONCOGENES?

A

MUTATED VERSION OF PROTOONCOGENES THAT ARE PERMANENTLY ON AND RESULT IN A GAIN-OF-FUNCTION MUTATION

37
Q

WHAT ARE TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENES?

A

GENES DESIGNED TO HALT THE CELL CYCLE DUE TO DAMAGED GENES AND APOPTOSIS RESULTING IN A LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTATION; IF IT MONITORS DNA AND FIXES THE PROBLEM THEN THAT IS GOOD BUT IF THE MUTATION STILL PERSISTS, THEN THE TSG WILL INDUCE APOPTOSIS

38
Q

WHAT IS APOPTOSIS AND ITS PATHWAY?

A

INDUCED CELL DEATH; STARTING WITH INITIATOR CASPASES TURNING ON EFFECTOR CASPASES

39
Q

WHAT IS A HYPERTONIC SOLUTION?

A

MORE SOLUTE IN SOLN; CELL SHRINKS DUE TO WATER LEAVING THE CELL FROM ITS HIGH WATER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION OF WATER IN THE HIGH PARTICLE SOLN

40
Q

WHAT IS A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION?

A

LESS SOLUTE IN SOLN; CELL SWELLS DUE TO WATER FLOODING THE CELL FROM ITS HIGH WATER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION OF WATER IN THE HIGH PARTICLE CELL

41
Q

WHAT IS PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

A

NO ENERGY REQUIRED; RELIES ON CONCENTRATION GRADIENT; 2 TYPES

42
Q

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT; FOR SMALL HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES

43
Q

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

A

DOWN GRADIENT; NEEDS HELPER PROTEINS; GLUCOSE, WATER, AA, IONS

44
Q

THE HELPER PROTEINS ARE ?

A

PORES (NONSPECIFIC HOLES IN MEM.), CHANNELS (VERY SPECIFIC HOLES IN MEM.), AND PORTERS (NO HOLES, CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE TO MOVE MOLECULES; ANTIPORTERS, COTRANSPORTERS, ETC.)

45
Q

WHAT IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

A

REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP); MOVES MOLECULES AGAINST THEIR GRADIENT; 2 TYPES

46
Q

PRIMART ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

USE ATP DIRECTLY

EXAMPLE: Na+/K+ ATPase: SETS UP Na+ GRADIENT FOR SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

47
Q

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A

RELIES ON PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO DRIVE MOLECULES DOWN THEIR GRADIENT AND AGAINST
EXAMPLE: Na+/GLUCOSE PUMP

MCAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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