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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE THE MACROMOLECULES?

A

PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

WHAT ENZYME PRODUCES POLYMERS (MACROMOLECULES) AND WHAT IS THE REACTION CALLED?

A

POLYMERASES AND DEHYDRATION/POLYMERIZATION/CONDENSATION RXN

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE REVERSE REACTION OF POLYMER SYNTHESIS (POLYMER BREAKDOWN) CALLED

A

HYDROLYSIS

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE NUCLEIC ACID MONOMERS?

A

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

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5
Q

WHAT ARE NUCLEOTIDES MADE UP OF?

A

SUGAR (RIBOSE/DEOXYRIBOSE)
BASE (AGCT)
PHOSPHATES (MONO/DI/TRI)

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6
Q

WHAT ARE NUCLEOSIDES MADE UP OF?

A

SUGAR (RIBOSE/DEOXYRIBOSE)

BASE (AGCT)

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE NUCLEOTIDE NAME OF THE BUILDING BLOCK OF DNA ?

A

2’ DEOXYRIBOSE TRIPHOSPHATE (dNTP)

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8
Q

WHERE DO PHOSPHATE(S) ATTACH FOR NUCLEOTIDE PRODUCTION?

A

5’ CARBON

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9
Q

WHERE DOES THE BASE ATTACH FOR NUCLEOTIDE PRODUCTION?

A

1’ CARBON

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10
Q

WHAT PROVIDES ENERGY IN THE NUCLEOTIDE BOND AND WHAT MAKES THEM DIFFERENT FROM REGULAR PHOSPHATE BONDS?

A

PYROPHOSPHATES (NO DOUBLE BOND)

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11
Q

WHAT IS THE DIRECTIONALITY FOR NUCLEOTIDE PRODUCTION?

A

5’ –> 3’ END; ADDING NUCLEOTIDES AT THE 3’ END

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12
Q

WHAT IS ANTIPARALLEL?

A

5’ –> 3’ END

3’ –> 5’ END

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13
Q

HOW ARE THE PHOSPHATE AND BASE GROUP CONNECTED TO ANOTHER PHOSPHATE AND BASE GROUP ?

A

PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS

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14
Q

WHAT IS COMPLEMENTARY?

A

A –> T

C –> G

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15
Q

WHAT ARE PYRIMIDINES?

A

CYTOSINE, THYMINE, AND URACIL

SINGLE RING STRUCTURE

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16
Q

WHAT ARE PURINES?

A

ADENINE AND GUANINE

DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE

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17
Q

WHAT IS A GENOME?

A

ALL DNA IN AN ORGANISM

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18
Q

HOW ARE PROK. GENOMES ORIENTED?

A

SINGLE CIRCULAR DNA GENOME

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19
Q

WHAT ARE RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND WHAT KIND OF ORGANISMS POSSESS THEM?

A

ENZYMES THAT CUT UP DNA: SINCE PROK. DNA IS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM, RESTRICTION ENZYMES CUT UP VIRAL AND REGULAR DNA

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20
Q

HOW DO PROKARYOTES PROTECT THEIR DNA?

A

DNA METHYLATION: ADDING METHYL GROUP TO ENDS OF DNA
AND
SUPERCOILING USING DNA GYRASE ENZYME

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21
Q

WHAT ENZYME HELPS WITH SUPERCOILING?

A

DNA GYRASE (ONLY IN PROKARYOTES)

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22
Q

HOW ARE EUK. GENOMES ORIENTED?

A

SEVERAL LINEAR CHROMOSOMES

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23
Q

WHAT IS THE EUK. CHROMOSOME PRODUCTION PROCESS?

A

HISTONES –> DNA WRAPPED AROUND HISTONES –> NUCLEOSOME –> NUCLEOSOMES COILED –> CHROMATIN

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24
Q

WHAT ARE CENTROMERES?

A

EUKARYOTIC LOCATION WHERE SPINDLE FIBERS AND SISTER CHROMATIDS ATTACH

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25
WHAT ARE TELOMERES?
ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES MADE UP OF BOTH SINGLE AND DOUBLE STRANDED DNA - STABILIZES ENDS OF EUK. CHROMOSOMES BY CAPPING THEM - CONSISTS OF SHORT NUCLEOTIDE REPEATS (TTAGGG)
26
WHAT ARE THE POLYMERASE ERROR MUTATIONS?
POINT MUTATIONS, SMALL REPEATS, AND INSERTIONS/DELETIONS
27
MISSENSE POINT MUTATION
CODON FOR AA BECOMES NEW CODON FOR NEW AA (CHANGES THE AA)
28
SILENT POINT MUTATION
CODON BECOMES NEW CODON FOR SAME AA (NO EFFECT)
29
NONSENSE POINT MUTATION
CODON BECOMES STOP CODON (SHORTER PROTEIN)
30
FRAMESHIFT
INSERTIONS/DELETIONS CHANGES THE READING FRAME
31
WHAT IS THE START CODON SEQUENCE?
AUG (Methionine; Met)
32
WHAT ARE THE STOP CODON SEQUENCES?
UGA, UAG, UAA
33
ENDOGENEOUS DAMAGE
DAMAGE TO DNA FROM INSIDE THE CELL - REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES - PHYSICAL DAMAGE
34
EXOGENOUS DAMAGE
DAMAGE TO DNA FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL -RADIATION: UV LIGHT --> PYRIMIDINE DIMERS XRAYS --> DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS AND TRANSLOCATIONS -CHEMICALS: CAN LEAD TO POLYMERASE ERRORS AND INTERCALATION
35
WHAT ARE TRANSPOSONS AND WHAT DO THEY CONSIST OF ?
JUMPING GENES; GENES THAT MOVE THROUGHOUT CHROMOSOMES | -CONSISTS OF TRANSPOSASE ENZYME AND INVERTED REPEATS
36
WHAT ERRORS DO TRANSPOSONS CAUSE?
LARGE INSERTIONS/DELETIONS, INVERSIONS, AND DUPLICATIONS
37
WHAT DOES THE TRANSPOSASE ENZYME DO?
CUT AND PASTE
38
WHAT DOES THE IS ELEMENT (TYPE OF TRANSPOSON) CONSIST OF?
CONSISTS OF INVERTED REPEATS AND TRANSPOSASE
39
WHAT DOES THE COMPLEX TRANSPOSON (TYPE OF TRANSPOSON) CONSIST OF?
INVERTED REPEATS, TRANSPOSASE, AND GENES (A AND B)
40
WHAT DOES THE COMPOSITE TRANSPOSON (TYPE OF TRANSPOSON) CONSIST OF?
INVERTED REPEATS, TRANSPOSASE = 2 TRANSPOSONS FLANKING A CENTRAL GENE
41
WHAT IS AN INTERGENIC REGION?
REGION IN BETWEEN 2 GENES
42
MISMATCH REPAIR PATHWAY
CAN FIX POLYMERASE ERRORS AFTER DNA REPLICATION
43
NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION PATHWAY
CAN FIX POLYMERASE ERRORS AND ENDO/EXOGENOUS DAMAGE BEFORE DNA REPLICATION
44
HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING
DUE TO DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS - OCCURS AFTER ENDO/EXO DAMAGE - REQUIRES SISTER CHROMATID - AFTER REPLICATION
45
NON-HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING
DUE TO DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS - OCCURS AFTER ENDO/EXO DAMAGE - DOESNT HAVE SISTER CHROMATID TO USE AS TEMPLATE - CAN BECOME MUTAGENIC
46
DIRECT REVERSAL
OCCURS AFTER EXO DAMAGE | -VISIBLE LIGHT REVERSES DIMERIZATION
47
4 general RULES FOR DNA REPLICATION
1. SEMICONSERVATIVE (1/2 AND 1/2 PARENT AND NEW STRAND) 2. 5' --> 3' NUCLEIC ACID FORMATION 3. REQUIRES AN RNA PRIMER 4. REQUIRES A TEMPLATE
48
DNA REPLICATION ENZYMES?
``` HELICASE (UNWINDS DNA) TOPOISOMERASE (PROK. ENZYME THAT CUTS DNA AND RELAXES SUPERCOILING) RNA PRIMASE (PLACES PRIMER AT ORIGIN) DNA POLYMERASE (ELONGATES RNA PRIMER) DNA LIGASE (LINKS OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS) ```
49
THE LEADING STRAND IS AKA?
CONTINUOUS
50
THE LAGGING STRAND IS AKA?
DISCONTINUOUS/OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
51
WHAT DIRECTION DOES PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION PROCEED IN?
BOTH DIRECTIONS AND USES THETA REPLICATION
52
WHAT DNA POLYMERASES, USED DURING PROK. DNA REPLICATION, ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR THE MCAT ?
DNA POLY. III (FAST 5' --> 3' POLYMERASE AND 3' --> 5' EXONUCLEASE; MAIN REPLICATING ENZYME FOR PROK.) AND DNA POLY I (SLOW 5' --> 3' POLYMERASE AND 3' --> 5' EXONUCLEASE; ALSO 5' --> 3' EXONUCLEASE TO REMOVE PRIMER; DNA EXCISION REPAIR)
53
rRNA
CATALYTIC PART OF FUNCTIONAL RIBOSOME
54
mRNA
CODON SEQ. DETERMINING AA SEQ. OF PROTEIN
55
tRNA
CARRIES AA TO RIBOSOME
56
hnRNA
INITIAL UNPROCESSED TRANSCRIPT
57
miRNA (micro) & siRNA (small nuclear)
HELPS REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION
58
THE CODING STRAND IS AKA AND HAS WHAT FUNCTION/CHARACTERISTICS?
- SENSE STRAND - NOT TRANSCRIBED - HAS SAME SEQUENCE AS NEWLY FORMING mRNA
59
THE TEMPLATE STRAND IS AKA AND HAS WHAT FUNCTION/CHARACTERISTICS?
- ANTISENSE STRAND | - STRAND COMPLEMENTARY TO CODING STRAND
60
WHAT IS THE STOP SITE IN EUKARYOTES?
-POLYADENYLATION SEQUENCE MADE BY POLYADENYLATE
61
WHAT DIRECTION DOES RNA READ AND SYNTHESIZE NEW DNA?
READ IN 3' --> 5' AND SYNTHESIZES IN 5' --> 3'
62
WHAT IS THE PRIMARY POINT OF REGULATION FOR TRANSLATION?
TRANSCRIPTION
63
WHAT ARE THE DNA BINDING PROTEINS USED FOR AND WHAT KINDS ARE THERE?
- BEST WAY TO REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION - REPRESSORS: BIND TO DNA TO PREVENT TRANSCRIPTION - ACTIVATORS: INC. TRANSCRIPTION
64
WHAT IS THE LAC OPERON REGULATION PATHWAY USED FOR?
- THIS PATHWAY IS USED TO DIGEST LACTOSE IN BACTERIA WHEN GLUCOSE IS NOT AVAILABLE - LAC OPERON TURNS OFF LACTOSE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR IN ORDER FOR MRNA TO DIGEST LACTOSE TO PRODUCE ENERGY
65
WHERE DOES EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OCCUR?
TRANSCRIPTION: IN NUCLEUS TRANSLATION: IN CYTOSOL -CANNOT OCCUR @ SAME TIME
66
WHAT DOES THE mRNA DO BEFORE IMMEDIATE TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES?
mRNA PROCESSING: - 5' G-cap - 3' poly-A-tail - SPLICING (REMOVING INTRONS)
67
WHERE DOES PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OCCUR?
IN SAME PLACE AND TIME; IN CYTOSOL | -DOES NOT REQUIRE mRNA PROCESSING
68
WHAT DOES POLYCISTRONIC MEAN AND WHAT KIND OF ORGANISMS ARE POLYCISTRONIC?
- SEVERAL DIFFERENT PROTEINS CAN BE TRANSLATED FROM THE SAME PIECE OF mRNA - PROKARYOTES
69
WHAT DOES MONOCISTRONIC MEAN AND WHAT KIND OF ORGANISMS ARE MONOCISTRONIC?
- ONE mRNA --> ONE PROTEIN | - EUKARYOTES
70
HOW MANY RNA POLYMERASES DO PROKARYOTES USE/HAVE?
1
71
HOW MANY RNA POLYMERASES DO EUKARYOTES USE/HAVE AND WHAT DO THEY DO?
3 - RNA POLY. I: TRANSCRIBES rRNA - RNA POLY. II: TRANSCRIBES mRNA - RNA POLY. III: TRANSCRIBES tRNA
72
WHAT IS THE tRNA STRUCTURE?
IT INCLUDES AN AA ATTACHMENT SITE @ THE 3' END AND AN ANTICODON LOOP THAT BPs WITH THE mRNA CODON IN ORDER TO SPECIFY WHICH AA GETS ATTACHED
73
WHAT IS AMINO-ACYL tRNA AND AKA?
tRNA WITH AA GROUP ATTACHED TO IT | AND AKA met-tRNA^met
74
WHAT IS THE WOBBLE BP HYPOTHESIS?
THE FIRST 2 CODON/ANTICODON BPs BIND NORMALLY BUT THE 3RD ANTICODON IS MORE FLEXIBLE; ALLOWING FOR INC tRNA CODON DIVERSITY FOR SAME AA
75
WHICH RIBOSOMAL UNIT IS BIGGER, PROKS. OR EUKS. ?
EUKS. HAVE A 60S LARGE AND 40S SMALL (TOTAL=80S) | PROKS HAVE A 50S LARGE AND 30S SMALL (TOTAL=70S)
76
WHAT IS THE CALCULATION FOR TRANSLATIONAL ENERGY (ATP) REQUIRED?
AA x 4 = # ATP NEEDED
77
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE HOW MANY HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS ARE REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION OF x AMINOACIDS?
HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS = 4n (n = # OF AA IN THE PEPTIDE)

MCAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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