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MCAT BIOLOGY > MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > Flashcards

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT ARE THE MACROMOLECULES?

A

PROTEINS, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, CARBOHYDRATES

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2
Q

WHAT ENZYME PRODUCES POLYMERS (MACROMOLECULES) AND WHAT IS THE REACTION CALLED?

A

POLYMERASES AND DEHYDRATION/POLYMERIZATION/CONDENSATION RXN

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE REVERSE REACTION OF POLYMER SYNTHESIS (POLYMER BREAKDOWN) CALLED

A

HYDROLYSIS

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE NUCLEIC ACID MONOMERS?

A

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

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5
Q

WHAT ARE NUCLEOTIDES MADE UP OF?

A

SUGAR (RIBOSE/DEOXYRIBOSE)
BASE (AGCT)
PHOSPHATES (MONO/DI/TRI)

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6
Q

WHAT ARE NUCLEOSIDES MADE UP OF?

A

SUGAR (RIBOSE/DEOXYRIBOSE)

BASE (AGCT)

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE NUCLEOTIDE NAME OF THE BUILDING BLOCK OF DNA ?

A

2’ DEOXYRIBOSE TRIPHOSPHATE (dNTP)

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8
Q

WHERE DO PHOSPHATE(S) ATTACH FOR NUCLEOTIDE PRODUCTION?

A

5’ CARBON

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9
Q

WHERE DOES THE BASE ATTACH FOR NUCLEOTIDE PRODUCTION?

A

1’ CARBON

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10
Q

WHAT PROVIDES ENERGY IN THE NUCLEOTIDE BOND AND WHAT MAKES THEM DIFFERENT FROM REGULAR PHOSPHATE BONDS?

A

PYROPHOSPHATES (NO DOUBLE BOND)

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11
Q

WHAT IS THE DIRECTIONALITY FOR NUCLEOTIDE PRODUCTION?

A

5’ –> 3’ END; ADDING NUCLEOTIDES AT THE 3’ END

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12
Q

WHAT IS ANTIPARALLEL?

A

5’ –> 3’ END

3’ –> 5’ END

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13
Q

HOW ARE THE PHOSPHATE AND BASE GROUP CONNECTED TO ANOTHER PHOSPHATE AND BASE GROUP ?

A

PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS

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14
Q

WHAT IS COMPLEMENTARY?

A

A –> T

C –> G

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15
Q

WHAT ARE PYRIMIDINES?

A

CYTOSINE, THYMINE, AND URACIL

SINGLE RING STRUCTURE

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16
Q

WHAT ARE PURINES?

A

ADENINE AND GUANINE

DOUBLE RING STRUCTURE

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17
Q

WHAT IS A GENOME?

A

ALL DNA IN AN ORGANISM

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18
Q

HOW ARE PROK. GENOMES ORIENTED?

A

SINGLE CIRCULAR DNA GENOME

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19
Q

WHAT ARE RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND WHAT KIND OF ORGANISMS POSSESS THEM?

A

ENZYMES THAT CUT UP DNA: SINCE PROK. DNA IS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM, RESTRICTION ENZYMES CUT UP VIRAL AND REGULAR DNA

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20
Q

HOW DO PROKARYOTES PROTECT THEIR DNA?

A

DNA METHYLATION: ADDING METHYL GROUP TO ENDS OF DNA
AND
SUPERCOILING USING DNA GYRASE ENZYME

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21
Q

WHAT ENZYME HELPS WITH SUPERCOILING?

A

DNA GYRASE (ONLY IN PROKARYOTES)

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22
Q

HOW ARE EUK. GENOMES ORIENTED?

A

SEVERAL LINEAR CHROMOSOMES

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23
Q

WHAT IS THE EUK. CHROMOSOME PRODUCTION PROCESS?

A

HISTONES –> DNA WRAPPED AROUND HISTONES –> NUCLEOSOME –> NUCLEOSOMES COILED –> CHROMATIN

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24
Q

WHAT ARE CENTROMERES?

A

EUKARYOTIC LOCATION WHERE SPINDLE FIBERS AND SISTER CHROMATIDS ATTACH

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25
Q

WHAT ARE TELOMERES?

A

ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES MADE UP OF BOTH SINGLE AND DOUBLE STRANDED DNA

  • STABILIZES ENDS OF EUK. CHROMOSOMES BY CAPPING THEM
  • CONSISTS OF SHORT NUCLEOTIDE REPEATS (TTAGGG)
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26
Q

WHAT ARE THE POLYMERASE ERROR MUTATIONS?

A

POINT MUTATIONS, SMALL REPEATS, AND INSERTIONS/DELETIONS

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27
Q

MISSENSE POINT MUTATION

A

CODON FOR AA BECOMES NEW CODON FOR NEW AA (CHANGES THE AA)

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28
Q

SILENT POINT MUTATION

A

CODON BECOMES NEW CODON FOR SAME AA (NO EFFECT)

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29
Q

NONSENSE POINT MUTATION

A

CODON BECOMES STOP CODON (SHORTER PROTEIN)

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30
Q

FRAMESHIFT

A

INSERTIONS/DELETIONS CHANGES THE READING FRAME

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31
Q

WHAT IS THE START CODON SEQUENCE?

A

AUG (Methionine; Met)

32
Q

WHAT ARE THE STOP CODON SEQUENCES?

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

33
Q

ENDOGENEOUS DAMAGE

A

DAMAGE TO DNA FROM INSIDE THE CELL

  • REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
  • PHYSICAL DAMAGE
34
Q

EXOGENOUS DAMAGE

A

DAMAGE TO DNA FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL
-RADIATION:
UV LIGHT –> PYRIMIDINE DIMERS
XRAYS –> DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS AND TRANSLOCATIONS
-CHEMICALS:
CAN LEAD TO POLYMERASE ERRORS AND INTERCALATION

35
Q

WHAT ARE TRANSPOSONS AND WHAT DO THEY CONSIST OF ?

A

JUMPING GENES; GENES THAT MOVE THROUGHOUT CHROMOSOMES

-CONSISTS OF TRANSPOSASE ENZYME AND INVERTED REPEATS

36
Q

WHAT ERRORS DO TRANSPOSONS CAUSE?

A

LARGE INSERTIONS/DELETIONS, INVERSIONS, AND DUPLICATIONS

37
Q

WHAT DOES THE TRANSPOSASE ENZYME DO?

A

CUT AND PASTE

38
Q

WHAT DOES THE IS ELEMENT (TYPE OF TRANSPOSON) CONSIST OF?

A

CONSISTS OF INVERTED REPEATS AND TRANSPOSASE

39
Q

WHAT DOES THE COMPLEX TRANSPOSON (TYPE OF TRANSPOSON) CONSIST OF?

A

INVERTED REPEATS, TRANSPOSASE, AND GENES (A AND B)

40
Q

WHAT DOES THE COMPOSITE TRANSPOSON (TYPE OF TRANSPOSON) CONSIST OF?

A

INVERTED REPEATS, TRANSPOSASE = 2 TRANSPOSONS FLANKING A CENTRAL GENE

41
Q

WHAT IS AN INTERGENIC REGION?

A

REGION IN BETWEEN 2 GENES

42
Q

MISMATCH REPAIR PATHWAY

A

CAN FIX POLYMERASE ERRORS AFTER DNA REPLICATION

43
Q

NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION PATHWAY

A

CAN FIX POLYMERASE ERRORS AND ENDO/EXOGENOUS DAMAGE BEFORE DNA REPLICATION

44
Q

HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING

A

DUE TO DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS

  • OCCURS AFTER ENDO/EXO DAMAGE
  • REQUIRES SISTER CHROMATID
  • AFTER REPLICATION
45
Q

NON-HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING

A

DUE TO DOUBLE STRANDED BREAKS

  • OCCURS AFTER ENDO/EXO DAMAGE
  • DOESNT HAVE SISTER CHROMATID TO USE AS TEMPLATE
  • CAN BECOME MUTAGENIC
46
Q

DIRECT REVERSAL

A

OCCURS AFTER EXO DAMAGE

-VISIBLE LIGHT REVERSES DIMERIZATION

47
Q

4 general RULES FOR DNA REPLICATION

A
  1. SEMICONSERVATIVE (1/2 AND 1/2 PARENT AND NEW STRAND)
  2. 5’ –> 3’ NUCLEIC ACID FORMATION
  3. REQUIRES AN RNA PRIMER
  4. REQUIRES A TEMPLATE
48
Q

DNA REPLICATION ENZYMES?

A 
HELICASE (UNWINDS DNA)
TOPOISOMERASE (PROK. ENZYME THAT CUTS DNA AND RELAXES SUPERCOILING)
RNA PRIMASE (PLACES PRIMER AT ORIGIN)
DNA POLYMERASE (ELONGATES RNA PRIMER)
DNA LIGASE (LINKS OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS)
49
Q

THE LEADING STRAND IS AKA?

A

CONTINUOUS

50
Q

THE LAGGING STRAND IS AKA?

A

DISCONTINUOUS/OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

51
Q

WHAT DIRECTION DOES PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION PROCEED IN?

A

BOTH DIRECTIONS AND USES THETA REPLICATION

52
Q

WHAT DNA POLYMERASES, USED DURING PROK. DNA REPLICATION, ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR THE MCAT ?

A

DNA POLY. III (FAST 5’ –> 3’ POLYMERASE AND 3’ –> 5’ EXONUCLEASE; MAIN REPLICATING ENZYME FOR PROK.)
AND
DNA POLY I (SLOW 5’ –> 3’ POLYMERASE AND 3’ –> 5’ EXONUCLEASE; ALSO 5’ –> 3’ EXONUCLEASE TO REMOVE PRIMER; DNA EXCISION REPAIR)

53
Q

rRNA

A

CATALYTIC PART OF FUNCTIONAL RIBOSOME

54
Q

mRNA

A

CODON SEQ. DETERMINING AA SEQ. OF PROTEIN

55
Q

tRNA

A

CARRIES AA TO RIBOSOME

56
Q

hnRNA

A

INITIAL UNPROCESSED TRANSCRIPT

57
Q

miRNA (micro) & siRNA (small nuclear)

A

HELPS REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION

58
Q

THE CODING STRAND IS AKA AND HAS WHAT FUNCTION/CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • SENSE STRAND
  • NOT TRANSCRIBED
  • HAS SAME SEQUENCE AS NEWLY FORMING mRNA
59
Q

THE TEMPLATE STRAND IS AKA AND HAS WHAT FUNCTION/CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • ANTISENSE STRAND

- STRAND COMPLEMENTARY TO CODING STRAND

60
Q

WHAT IS THE STOP SITE IN EUKARYOTES?

A

-POLYADENYLATION SEQUENCE MADE BY POLYADENYLATE

61
Q

WHAT DIRECTION DOES RNA READ AND SYNTHESIZE NEW DNA?

A

READ IN 3’ –> 5’ AND SYNTHESIZES IN 5’ –> 3’

62
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY POINT OF REGULATION FOR TRANSLATION?

A

TRANSCRIPTION

63
Q

WHAT ARE THE DNA BINDING PROTEINS USED FOR AND WHAT KINDS ARE THERE?

A
  • BEST WAY TO REGULATE TRANSCRIPTION
  • REPRESSORS: BIND TO DNA TO PREVENT TRANSCRIPTION
  • ACTIVATORS: INC. TRANSCRIPTION
64
Q

WHAT IS THE LAC OPERON REGULATION PATHWAY USED FOR?

A
  • THIS PATHWAY IS USED TO DIGEST LACTOSE IN BACTERIA WHEN GLUCOSE IS NOT AVAILABLE
  • LAC OPERON TURNS OFF LACTOSE TRANSCRIPTION REPRESSOR IN ORDER FOR MRNA TO DIGEST LACTOSE TO PRODUCE ENERGY
65
Q

WHERE DOES EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OCCUR?

A

TRANSCRIPTION: IN NUCLEUS
TRANSLATION: IN CYTOSOL
-CANNOT OCCUR @ SAME TIME

66
Q

WHAT DOES THE mRNA DO BEFORE IMMEDIATE TRANSLATION IN EUKARYOTES?

A

mRNA PROCESSING:

  • 5’ G-cap
  • 3’ poly-A-tail
  • SPLICING (REMOVING INTRONS)
67
Q

WHERE DOES PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION OCCUR?

A

IN SAME PLACE AND TIME; IN CYTOSOL

-DOES NOT REQUIRE mRNA PROCESSING

68
Q

WHAT DOES POLYCISTRONIC MEAN AND WHAT KIND OF ORGANISMS ARE POLYCISTRONIC?

A
  • SEVERAL DIFFERENT PROTEINS CAN BE TRANSLATED FROM THE SAME PIECE OF mRNA
  • PROKARYOTES
69
Q

WHAT DOES MONOCISTRONIC MEAN AND WHAT KIND OF ORGANISMS ARE MONOCISTRONIC?

A
  • ONE mRNA –> ONE PROTEIN

- EUKARYOTES

70
Q

HOW MANY RNA POLYMERASES DO PROKARYOTES USE/HAVE?

A

1

71
Q

HOW MANY RNA POLYMERASES DO EUKARYOTES USE/HAVE AND WHAT DO THEY DO?

A

3

  • RNA POLY. I: TRANSCRIBES rRNA
  • RNA POLY. II: TRANSCRIBES mRNA
  • RNA POLY. III: TRANSCRIBES tRNA
72
Q

WHAT IS THE tRNA STRUCTURE?

A

IT INCLUDES AN AA ATTACHMENT SITE @ THE 3’ END AND AN ANTICODON LOOP THAT BPs WITH THE mRNA CODON IN ORDER TO SPECIFY WHICH AA GETS ATTACHED

73
Q

WHAT IS AMINO-ACYL tRNA AND AKA?

A

tRNA WITH AA GROUP ATTACHED TO IT

AND AKA met-tRNA^met

74
Q

WHAT IS THE WOBBLE BP HYPOTHESIS?

A

THE FIRST 2 CODON/ANTICODON BPs BIND NORMALLY BUT THE 3RD ANTICODON IS MORE FLEXIBLE; ALLOWING FOR INC tRNA CODON DIVERSITY FOR SAME AA

75
Q

WHICH RIBOSOMAL UNIT IS BIGGER, PROKS. OR EUKS. ?

A

EUKS. HAVE A 60S LARGE AND 40S SMALL (TOTAL=80S)

PROKS HAVE A 50S LARGE AND 30S SMALL (TOTAL=70S)

76
Q

WHAT IS THE CALCULATION FOR TRANSLATIONAL ENERGY (ATP) REQUIRED?

A

AA x 4 = # ATP NEEDED

77
Q

HOW DO YOU DETERMINE HOW MANY HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS ARE REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION OF x AMINOACIDS?

A

HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS = 4n (n = # OF AA IN THE PEPTIDE)

MCAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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