MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
WHAT ARE VIRUSES FUNCTION AND WHAT ARE THEY MADE UP OF?
(CAPSID) PROTEINS AND (GENOME) NUCLEIC ACIDS MAKEUP
-FUNCTION IN RELYING AND HARMING HOST CELLS (INTRACELLULAR PARASITE)
WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF A VIRAL GENOME?
THE GENOME CAN BE EITHER RNA OR DNA; WHICH IS SINGLE OR DOUBLE STRANDED
-BUT THERE CAN NEVER BE BOTH RNA AND DNA
WHAT ARE THE 2 BASIC STEPS OF THE VIRAL LIFE CYCLE?
- ATTACHMENT (ABSORPTION)
- NOT INFECTED YET - INJECTION (PENETRATION)
- INFECTION IS OCCURRING
WHAT ARE THE 3 STEPS IN THE VIRAL LYTIC LIFE CYCLE?
- TRANSCRIBE & TRANSLATE THE VIRAL GENOME
- REPLICATE VIRAL GENOME
- LYSIS OF HOST & RELEASE OF NEW VIRAL PARTICLES
WHAT ARE EARLY GENES AND WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?
GENES TURNED ON EARLY DURING LYTIC VIRAL LIFE CYCLE
- HYDROLASE: DESTROYS HOST CELL GENOME
- CAPSID PROTEINS: HELP REPLICATE THE VIRAL GENOME
WHAT ARE LATE GENES AND WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?
GENES TURNED ON AT THE END (LYSIS) DURING LYTIC VIRAL LIFE CYCLE
-LYSOZYME: PUTS HOLES IN THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL
WHAT ARE THE 3 STEPS IN THE VIRAL LYSOGENIC LIFE CYCLE?
- INTEGRATE (INSERT) VIRAL GENOME WITH HOST CELL GENOME
- HOST CONTINUES METABOLIC ACTIVITY (REPRODUCTION) IN ORDER TO PRODUCE MANY HOST CELLS MADE WITH VIRAL GENOMES
- EXCISION & LYTIC CYCLE
- HOST EXPERIENCES STRESS (HEAT,pH) MAKING THE VIRUS WANT TO LEAVE
- REQUIRES REMOVAL OF VIRAL REPRESSOR SO THAT VIRAL PROTEINS CAN BE PRODUCED TO ENTER THE LYTIC CYCLE
WHAT IS TRANSDUCTION?
REMOVAL OF A PIECE OF HOST GENOME DURING LYSOGENIC EXCISION AND PIECE BEING TRANSFERRED TO NEXT HOST
-MEANS OF ACQUIRING BACTERIAL GENETIC DIVERSITY
WHAT IS THE PRODUCTIVE CYCLE?
SIMILAR TO LYTIC CYCLE BUT BUDS INSTEAD OF LYSES TO LEAVE THE HOST CELL
-VIRUS REQUIRES AN ENVELOPE-ONLY OCCURS IN ANIMAL VIRUSES DUE TO ENVELOPE REQUIREMENT
WHAT IS (+) RNA?
mRNA (IMMEDIATELY TRANSLATABLE INTO VIRAL PROTEINS BY USING HOST RIBOSOMES)
WHAT DOES (+) RNA MUST CODE FOR?
RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE: READS RNA TEMPLATE STRAND PRODUCES RNA FROM TEMPLATE
WHAT DOES (-) RNA MUST CODE FOR AND CARRY ?
RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE
WHAT IS (-) RNA?
TEMPLATE FOR mRNA (NOR IMMEDIATELY TRANSLATABLE)
-RNA OF (-) STRAND MUST BE CONVERTED TO (+) STRAND
WHAT ARE (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUSES?
RETROVIRUSES
WHAT DOES A (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUS MUST CARRY?
RNA DEPENDENT DNA POLYMERASE: READS RNA TEMPLATE STRAND PRODUCES DNA FROM TEMPLATE
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN THE (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUSES LIFE CYCLE?
- (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUSES HAVE TO CREATE A DOUBLE STRANDED DNA VERSION OF ITSELF TO BE INJECTED INTO THE HOST CELL GENOME USING RNA DEPENDENT DNA POLYMERASE
- THE DS DNA STRAND USES DNA POLYMERASE TO GROW
- INJECTION/INSERTION OF DS DNA RETROVIRUS INTO HOST CELL GENOME
WHAT ARE PRIONS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS?
- INFECTIOUS PARTICLES
- NO DNA/RNA
- NO ORGANELLES
- CANT BE DEGRADED
- BAD/GOOD PRIONS (2 KINDS)
- BAD PRIONS CAN BE TRANSMITTED THRU CONSUMPTION (EATING)
WHAT ARE VIROIDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS?
- SUBVIRAL PARTICLES LACKING A CAPSID
- CIRCULAR (+) RNA
- REPLICATES INDEPENDENTLY
- MOST ARE PLANT-BASED
WHAT ARE GRAM (+) BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS?
-POSITIVE, PURPLE, THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN
WHAT ARE GRAM (-) BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS?
- NEGATIVE, PINK, THIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN, INNER MEMBRANE
- MORE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
MESOPHILES
MEDIUM TEMP
THERMOPHILES
HOT TEMP
PSYCHROPHILES
COLD TEMP
OBLIGATE AEROBE
MUST USE O2 TO SURVIVE AND DIES WITHOUT O2
