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MCAT BIOLOGY > MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT ARE VIRUSES FUNCTION AND WHAT ARE THEY MADE UP OF?

A

(CAPSID) PROTEINS AND (GENOME) NUCLEIC ACIDS MAKEUP

-FUNCTION IN RELYING AND HARMING HOST CELLS (INTRACELLULAR PARASITE)

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2
Q

WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF A VIRAL GENOME?

A

THE GENOME CAN BE EITHER RNA OR DNA; WHICH IS SINGLE OR DOUBLE STRANDED
-BUT THERE CAN NEVER BE BOTH RNA AND DNA

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE 2 BASIC STEPS OF THE VIRAL LIFE CYCLE?

A
  1. ATTACHMENT (ABSORPTION)
    - NOT INFECTED YET
  2. INJECTION (PENETRATION)
    - INFECTION IS OCCURRING
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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 STEPS IN THE VIRAL LYTIC LIFE CYCLE?

A
  1. TRANSCRIBE & TRANSLATE THE VIRAL GENOME
  2. REPLICATE VIRAL GENOME
  3. LYSIS OF HOST & RELEASE OF NEW VIRAL PARTICLES
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5
Q

WHAT ARE EARLY GENES AND WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?

A

GENES TURNED ON EARLY DURING LYTIC VIRAL LIFE CYCLE

  • HYDROLASE: DESTROYS HOST CELL GENOME
  • CAPSID PROTEINS: HELP REPLICATE THE VIRAL GENOME
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6
Q

WHAT ARE LATE GENES AND WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR?

A

GENES TURNED ON AT THE END (LYSIS) DURING LYTIC VIRAL LIFE CYCLE
-LYSOZYME: PUTS HOLES IN THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL

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7
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 STEPS IN THE VIRAL LYSOGENIC LIFE CYCLE?

A
  1. INTEGRATE (INSERT) VIRAL GENOME WITH HOST CELL GENOME
  2. HOST CONTINUES METABOLIC ACTIVITY (REPRODUCTION) IN ORDER TO PRODUCE MANY HOST CELLS MADE WITH VIRAL GENOMES
  3. EXCISION & LYTIC CYCLE
    - HOST EXPERIENCES STRESS (HEAT,pH) MAKING THE VIRUS WANT TO LEAVE
    - REQUIRES REMOVAL OF VIRAL REPRESSOR SO THAT VIRAL PROTEINS CAN BE PRODUCED TO ENTER THE LYTIC CYCLE
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8
Q

WHAT IS TRANSDUCTION?

A

REMOVAL OF A PIECE OF HOST GENOME DURING LYSOGENIC EXCISION AND PIECE BEING TRANSFERRED TO NEXT HOST
-MEANS OF ACQUIRING BACTERIAL GENETIC DIVERSITY

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE PRODUCTIVE CYCLE?

A

SIMILAR TO LYTIC CYCLE BUT BUDS INSTEAD OF LYSES TO LEAVE THE HOST CELL
-VIRUS REQUIRES AN ENVELOPE-ONLY OCCURS IN ANIMAL VIRUSES DUE TO ENVELOPE REQUIREMENT

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10
Q

WHAT IS (+) RNA?

A

mRNA (IMMEDIATELY TRANSLATABLE INTO VIRAL PROTEINS BY USING HOST RIBOSOMES)

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11
Q

WHAT DOES (+) RNA MUST CODE FOR?

A

RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE: READS RNA TEMPLATE STRAND PRODUCES RNA FROM TEMPLATE

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12
Q

WHAT DOES (-) RNA MUST CODE FOR AND CARRY ?

A

RNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE

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13
Q

WHAT IS (-) RNA?

A

TEMPLATE FOR mRNA (NOR IMMEDIATELY TRANSLATABLE)

-RNA OF (-) STRAND MUST BE CONVERTED TO (+) STRAND

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14
Q

WHAT ARE (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUSES?

A

RETROVIRUSES

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15
Q

WHAT DOES A (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUS MUST CARRY?

A

RNA DEPENDENT DNA POLYMERASE: READS RNA TEMPLATE STRAND PRODUCES DNA FROM TEMPLATE

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16
Q

WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN THE (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUSES LIFE CYCLE?

A
  1. (+) RNA LYSOGENIC VIRUSES HAVE TO CREATE A DOUBLE STRANDED DNA VERSION OF ITSELF TO BE INJECTED INTO THE HOST CELL GENOME USING RNA DEPENDENT DNA POLYMERASE
  2. THE DS DNA STRAND USES DNA POLYMERASE TO GROW
  3. INJECTION/INSERTION OF DS DNA RETROVIRUS INTO HOST CELL GENOME
17
Q

WHAT ARE PRIONS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • INFECTIOUS PARTICLES
  • NO DNA/RNA
  • NO ORGANELLES
  • CANT BE DEGRADED
  • BAD/GOOD PRIONS (2 KINDS)
  • BAD PRIONS CAN BE TRANSMITTED THRU CONSUMPTION (EATING)
18
Q

WHAT ARE VIROIDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • SUBVIRAL PARTICLES LACKING A CAPSID
  • CIRCULAR (+) RNA
  • REPLICATES INDEPENDENTLY
  • MOST ARE PLANT-BASED
19
Q

WHAT ARE GRAM (+) BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS?

A

-POSITIVE, PURPLE, THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN

20
Q

WHAT ARE GRAM (-) BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS?

A
  • NEGATIVE, PINK, THIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN, INNER MEMBRANE

- MORE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

21
Q

MESOPHILES

A

MEDIUM TEMP

22
Q

THERMOPHILES

A

HOT TEMP

23
Q

PSYCHROPHILES

A

COLD TEMP

24
Q

OBLIGATE AEROBE

A

MUST USE O2 TO SURVIVE AND DIES WITHOUT O2

25
Q

OBLIGATE ANAEROBE

A

CANT USE O2 TO SURVIVE AND DIES WITH O2

26
Q

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBE

A

CAN USE O2 TO SURVIVE

27
Q

TOLERANT ANAEROBE

A

CAN USE O2 TO SURVIVE AND BUT DOESNT NEED TO USE O2

28
Q

WHAT ARE THE ENERGY SOURCE PREFIXES?

A

PHOTO (SUN)

CHEMO (ATP)

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE CARBON CHAIN PREFIXES?

A

AUTO (MAKES CARBON CHAINS FROM CO2)

HETERO (EATS ORGANISMS TO ACQUIRE CARBON)

30
Q

WHAT ARE AUXOTROPHS?

A

NEED HELP IN ORDER TO GROW

-INDICATED BY (-)

31
Q

WHAT SHAPE DOES THE E. COLI BACTERIA FORM?

A

BACILLUS (ROD-SHAPED)

32
Q

WHAT IS BINARY FISSION?

A

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION THAT INC BACTERIAL POPULATION BUT NO CHANGE IN GENETIC DIVERSITY

33
Q

WHAT IS CONJUGATION?

A

DOESNT INC BACTERIAL POPULATION BUT INC CHANGE IN GENETIC DIVERSITY

  • REQUIRES F PLASMID (F+) TO INITIATE CONJUGATION FROM F+ (MALE) TO F- (FEMALE)
  • INCLUDES HFr

MCAT BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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